The Gender Pay Gaps

The Gender Pay Gaps The U.K sexual orientation pay hole is these days one of the most noteworthy of Europe. Men win 21, 1% more than lady, in view of the normal contrast between net hourly profit (figure 1, statistics.gov.uk, 2009). Regardless of whether the compensation hole among people has fallen significantly in the course of recent years, the feature veils some more negative advancements lately. UK is utilized to every age of ladies gaining ground comparative with the one preceding. Yet, this procedure has eased back with the current age showing improvement over the past one. After a few investigates, the unpredictability of the subject emerges; numerous variables and verifications show this disparity, subsequently prompting a high decent variety of conclusions. This hole changes as indicated by the sort of work; in April 2009 hourly rates for men were  £12.97 for full-clocks,  £7.71 for seasonal workers. For ladies, hourly rates were  £11.39 for full-clocks,  £7.86 for seasonal workers (R. Barnett, Sky News, 2010). Between the private area and the open segment, the hole is impressively evolving. In 2008, in the private segment the compensation hole was 21.7 % while in the open segment it was 13.8 % (The Times, 2008). Incomprehensibly, as point the Office of National Statistics in 2009, full-times 16-17 years of age females earned 12.6% more than guys, then again, part-times females earned 1.3% not as much as guys. Therefore, reviews underline genuine logical inconsistencies existing in the English arrangement of installment. The objective of this exposition is first to survey the potential causes and sources of this imbalance by investigating the political and socio-social estimations of United Kingdom relating the compensation hole, and also show the measures that ought to and could be taken to battle it. The initial segment treats of the significant segregation confronting females, the generalizing of womens professions, impression of womens work, and how social roots follow up on todays ladies life. In the second part we talk first about the point of reference government activities, at that point the genuine activities and perspective of UK, and the European safeguards to battle the compensation hole. 1-The reasons of this compensation hole. Numerous causes can clarify the compensation hole existing in United Kingdom; late scientists have sought after various theories, in some cases misusing one of a kind highlights of explicit informational indexes, in endeavors to respond to this inquiry. The worker's guild Congress (TUC) in its report of 2008 clarified the UK real compensation hole as far as 4 clarifications. 36% of the compensation hole could be clarified by contrasts in lifetimes working examples, 18 % is brought about by work advertise rigidities, 38% is brought about by direct separation and people vocations inclinations, and 8% is brought about by the way that more established ladies had power instructive fulfillment. Separation is the most current contention used to clarify the sexual orientation pay hole. Confirmations from a scope of sources show that enrollment and determination forms, and a considerable level of employment generalizing, propagate an industry profile in which the men rule the high-acquiring occupations and ladies the low-gaining occupations. As point the Telegraph magazine the 5 September 2007, the Chartered Management Institute (CMI) distributed a study establishing that mal supervisors were paid 12.2% more than females in 2007. It shows that with a similar activity, females are as yet pay considerably less than guys. Another examination distributed by the UK government called National Equality Panel, expresses that Women younger than 44 are preferred qualified over their male partners however get 21% lower compensation. Another thought generally supported by the educator J. Shackleton of the University of East London. He contend that the distinctions boiled down to singular way of life inclinations (dailymail.co.uk, 2008)  « female alumni will in general pick subjects, for example, brain research or training, which lead to bring down gaining vocations, while few choose maths or building, which are bound to bring about worthwhile employments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã¢ » . This thought is bolstered by a review of 2007 expressing the womens top ten occupations (Table 1) Table 1: Womens top ten occupations, second quarter 200741 Standard Occupational Classification Total in work (000s) 1 Sales Assistants and Retail Cashiers 1,094 2 Teaching Professionals 873 3 Healthcare Related Personal Services 801 4 Secretarial and Related Occupations 793 5 Childcare Related Personal Services 721 6 Administrative Occupations: Finance 600 7 Health Associate Professionals 586 8 Elementary Personal Service Occupations 567 9 Administrative Occupations: General 556 10 Elementary Cleaning Occupations 483 Aggregate of these 10 occupations 7,074 All out ladies in work 13,196 Source: TUC report 2008 The report focuses the way that females are bound to work in administration occupations and guys to the executives and gifted exchanges. Additionally this activity isolation is emphasizd by the way that young ladies are steel generalized into professions they should seek after. The neoclassic perspective of the 1960s says that there are womens occupations and keeps an eye on employments and advances the lopsided accomplishment of male centric society and male strength. Ladies are just 22% of registering understudies and 15% of designing understudies, and with regards to the principal work thusly the decision is unique, on the womens top 25 inclining toward graduate occupations, 12 are in general society and intentional parts, and for this situation significant compensation is irregular. In addition, ladies search for lower first pay than men expect, more averse to endeavor to haggle over compensation, less inclined to look for advancement and don't search for different occupations in quest for more significant salary (The Sunday times, 2008). In a universal correlation this high UK pay hole exists in light of the fact that a great deal of ladies work. For instance, Italy has a sexual orientation pay hole a large portion of the UKs one, yet its overburdened and overregulated make scarcely any open doors for ladies to work. In any case, its tending to change, as point C. Hakim in her book Work-way of life decisions in the 21st century: inclination hypothesis (2000) The equivalent open doors transformation implies that the full scope of occupations and exercises become available to all ladies For a few reasons, the womens work is underestimated. This undervaluation have two aspects: females will in general be paid not as much as guys for a similar work, and the employments that they do will in general draw in lower compensation then mens occupations. D. Grimshaw and J. Rubery of the Machester Business School have distinguished fives Vs including to make lower pay. The Visibility, Large and undifferentiated compensation and evaluating groups don't perceive womens abilities that disguise various aptitudes and encounters. The Valuation, it implies that there is a convention in the British culture for not giving a high incentive to womens aptitudes. The Vocation, it establishes that the abilities of ladies are normal, which complement there low valuation. The Value included, will in general say that employments of men are bound to infer a higher incentive to a procedure. The Variance, for the two businesses and ladies themselves, part times work is frequently observed as equal with incompetent work Another reason for this sex pay hole is that it has been seen that ladies are bound to work in low maintenance employments. This is a significant enormous issue for womens pay, as point a review done by the ONS in 2009, the normal time-based compensation for an all day work was  £11.39 and  £7.86 for seasonal workers. Notwithstanding a lower wage for the seasonal workers, ladies have more interferences to their vocations. An exploration for the Equalities Review found that three sorts of individuals have drawbacks in landing positions, the cripple individuals, Pakistani and Bangladeshi ladies and moms (R. Berthoud, M. Blekesaune, 2007). An investigation of 2007 of seven modern nations found that there were impressive negative impacts on moms compensation. Joined Kingdom had the most elevated punishment, 8% for one kid, 24% for two kids and 31% for three youngsters. As point beforehand, 53.6% of ladies worked in the main ten occupations in 2007, in addition the impacts of sexual orientation generalized early condition constrained decisions for young ladies at school. Whats increasingly whatever industry or occupations ladies work for; men were winning more than ladies with graduations in a similar subject. A few examinations legitimize this compensation hole as a result of the better efficiency of men over ladies. First ladies would be more worry with childbearing, second there is the contention that ladies are not so much serious but rather more hazard unwilling than men. Subsequently they select lower-paid occupations. (fazeer.wordpress.com, 2009) Politically talking, David Laws the Liberal Democrats families representative, said that the TUC reports demonstrated the harm done by the Britains society during the 1980s by the Conservative Government At last, sex pay hole is brought about by numerous little factors contributing on their way to this imbalance. While great advancement had been made in a few territories like childcare and the option to demand adaptable working, the ladies and work commission stayed disillusioned in the insufficiency of progress. Attitudes are changing however the perseverance of a huge sex pay hole (21.1%) in UK state impacts on womens life as well as womens proceeding with understanding of segregation. To battle this wonder, national as universal associations, for example, the European commission or the Government Equality Office of England, plan to utilize a progression of measures meaning to decrease fundamentally the compensation hole. 2-How to battle the sex pay hole? Since the equivalent compensation demonstration of 1970 which intend to preclude as far as pay and states of work, any less great treatment among people, reprimanded as it neglects to address the hole between ethnic minorities, a ton of things have changed. In 1997, the Single Status was planned so as to set up whether employments were of equivalent worth, and to erase the requirement for equivalent compensation claims get a compensation model. Another guideline was bringing to the equivalent compensation correction in 2003. These days a few activities are executed at the national level as European to convey genuine outcomes. The creation up 40 years after the fact isn't certain;

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo On December 23, 1948, the United States executed a slight, bespectacled man of just about 64 years.  The detainee, Hideki Tojo, had been sentenced for atrocities by the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, and he would be the most noteworthy positioning official from Japan to be executed.  To his perishing day, Tojo kept up that The Greater East Asia War was supported and equitable.  However, he apologized for the monstrosities commited by Japanese soldiers during the Second World War.  Who was Hideki Tojo? Hideki Tojo (December 30, 1884 - December 23, 1948) was a main figure of the Japanese government as a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, pioneer of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, and 27th Prime Minister of Japan from October 17, 1941 to July 22, 1944. It was Tojo who, as Prime Minister, was answerable for requesting the assault on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested that Congress announce war on Japan, formally bringing the United States into World War II.  â Hideki Tojo was conceived in 1884 to a military family ofâ samuraiâ descent. His dad was one of the original of military men since the Imperial Japanese Army had replacedâ samurai warriors after the Meiji Restoration.  Tojo graduated with distinction from the military war school in 1915 and immediately climbed the militaryâ ranks. He was referred to inside the military as Razor Tojo for his bureaucratic efficiency,â strict tender loving care, and unflinching adherence to convention. He was very faithful to the Japanese country and the military, and in his ascent to administration inside Japans military and government he turned into an image for Japans militarism and parochialism. With his remarkable appearance of short and tidy hair, mustache, and round eyeglasses he turned into the personification by Allied advocates of Japans military autocracy during the Pacific war.â Toward the finish of World War II, Tojo was captured, attempted, condemned to death for atrocities, and hanged. Early Military Career In 1935, Tojo expected order of the Kwangtung Armys Kempetai or military police power in Manchuria.  The Kempetai was not a normal military police order - it worked increasingly like a mystery police, for example, the Gestapo or the Stassi. In 1937, Tojo was elevated again to Chief of Staff of the Kwangtung Army. July of that year saw his solitary real battle understanding, when he drove a unit into Inner Mongolia. The Japanese crushed Chinese Nationalist and Mongolian powers, and built up a manikin state called the Mongol United Autonomous Government. By 1938, Hideki Tojo was reviewed to Toyko to fill in as armed force bad habit serve in the Emperors Cabinet.  In July of 1940, he was elevated to armed force serve in the second Fumimaroe Konoe government.  In that job, Tojo pushed a union with Nazi Germany, and furthermore with Fascist Italy. In the interim relations with the United States exacerbated as Japanese soldiers moved south into Indochina. In spite of the fact that Konoe thought about dealings with the United States, Tojo pushed against them, upholding war except if the United States pulled back its ban on all fares to Japan.  Konoe deviated, and resigned.â Executive of Japan Without surrendering his post of armed force serve, Tojo was made the head administrator of Japan in October 1941.  At various focuses during World War II, he would likewise fill in as the pastor of home undertakings, instruction, weapons, outside issues, and business and industry.  In December of 1941, Prime Minister Tojo gave the green light to an arrangement for synchronous assaults on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Thailand; British Malaya; Singapore; Hong Kong; Wake Island; Guam; and the Philippines.  Japans quick achievement and extremely quick Southern Expansion made Tojo massively famous with the customary individuals. In spite of the fact that Tojo had open help, was eager for power, and was adroit at social occasion the reins into his own hands, he always was unable to build up a genuine fundamentalist autocracy like those of his legends, Hitler and Mussolini.  The Japanese force structure, headed by the ruler god Hirohito, kept him from achieving unlimited authority.  Even at the tallness of his impact, the court framework, the naval force, industry, and obviously Emperor Hirohito himself stayed outside of Tojos control.  In July of 1944, the tide of war had betrayed Japan and against Hideki Tojo.  When Japan lost Saipan to the propelling Americans, the ruler constrained Tojo out of intensity.  After the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945, and Japans give up, Tojo realized that he would almost certainly be captured by the American Occupation specialists. Preliminary and Death As the Americans shut in, Tojo had an inviting specialist draw a huge charcoal X on his chest to check where his heart was.  He then went into a different room and shot himself decisively through the imprint.  Unfortunately for him, the projectile by one way or another missed his heart and experienced his stomach.  When the Americans showed up to capture him, they discovered him laying on a bed, draining bountifully.  Im exceptionally grieved that it is taking me such a long time to kick the bucket, he let them know.  The Americans hurried him to crisis medical procedure, sparing his life. Hideki Tojo was attempted before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for atrocities.  In his declaration, he accepted each open door to state his own blame, and guaranteed that the Emperor was innocent.  This was helpful for the Americans, who had just concluded that they didn't set out balance the Emperor inspired by a paranoid fear of a well known revolt.  Tojo was seen as liable of seven tallies of war violations, and on November 12, 1948, he was condemned to death by hanging. Tojo was held tight December 23, 1948.  In his last explanation, he requested that the Americans demonstrate leniency to the Japanese individuals, who had endured pulverizing misfortunes in the war, just as the two nuclear bombings.  Tojos remains are partitioned between the Zoshigaya Cemetery in Tokyo and the disputable Yasukuni Shrine; he is one of fourteen class A war hoodlums cherished there.

6 Books That Helped Me Keep the (Christian) Faith

6 Books That Helped Me Keep the (Christian) Faith This is a guest post from Teresa Preston.  Since 2008, Teresa has been blogging about all the books she reads at Shelf Love. She supports her book habit by working as a magazine editor at a professional association in the Washington, DC, area. When shes not reading or editing, shes likely to be attending theatre, practicing yoga, or doting on her toothless orange cat, Anya. Follow her on Twitter @teresareads. My Christian faith is extremely important to me. It’s part of who I am, and I’m not sure who I’d be if I didn’t have it. But when preachers and politicians use my faith to tear down people they don’t approve of or when times are just plain dark, it’s hard to hold on to these beliefs. But there are books that cut through those voices, offering a different and better path. There are writers who get beyond stereotypes and soundbites and dig in to what the Christian faith is really about. Here are a few books that have shown me another way to be a Christian: 1. Traveling Mercies: Some Thoughts on Faith by Anne Lamott. When I was a 20-something with moderate-to-liberal political views living in a conservative community where Jerry Falwell was revered, Lamott’s essays were a light in the dark. She showed that it’s possible to be an irreverent, liberal Jesus freak. I don’t know where I’d be without her. 2. Searching for Sunday: Loving, Leaving, and Finding the Church by Rachel Held Evans. Evans grew up a good evangelical, but the questions about what she was taught never went away. In this memoir, she shares her and others’ stories about learning to love the church despite how it goes wrong. 3. Life of the Beloved by Henri J. M. Nouwen. After years of living with the type of Christianity that is all about the ways we fall short, I found this book’s focus on how we are loved just as we are to be an absolute balm to my soul. 4. Jesus and the Disinherited by Howard Thurman. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. used to carry this book on his travels. It’s a powerful discussion of what the gospel has to say to society’s outsiders and how to promote peace and justice. 5. My Bright Abyss: Meditations of a Modern Believer by Christian Winan. Poet Christian Winan chronicles his messy journey toward faith after a cancer diagnosis. It’s not inspirational in any traditional way, but it’s a beautiful and honest examination of what faith can look like even when it isn’t exactly working. I read this during an especially difficult year and found its honesty bracing and strengthening. 6. Take This Bread by Sara Miles. Atheist and lesbian Sara Miles wandered on impulse into a church one Sunday and was transformed by the bread and wine she found there. Before long, she was in charge of the church’s food pantry, and through that food pantry has turned her church into a radically welcoming place. I focused on nonfiction here, but I could name just as many novels that have had an equally strong effect (Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë and Silence by Shusaku Endo spring immediately to mind). If you’re a Christian, what books have helped you hold on to your beliefs? And if you’re not, what books have helped you better understand the faith?

The Impact Of Status Disclosure From Hiv Positive Individuals

One of the main goals of my study is to examine the impact of status disclosure from HIV positive individuals to their sexual partners and the affects associated with the disclosure. Mary O’ Grady (2011) Mary O’Grady measured a sample of 60 individuals (30 men and 30 women) and examined the disclosure of their HIV positive statuses to their sexual partners and the ethnics’ behind the disclosure. She investigates the rights to self-preservation, privacy and confidentiality. The study found that such disclosure could result in negative impacts, including stigma and discrimination towards individuals who are HIV positive. This study was done in order to protect individual’s right to privacy, to show how prevention behaviors should be practiced more widely and how to promote public health with the goal of a decreasing the spread of HIV in the future. While examining the disclosures of these individual’s showed results, In the future I would suggest more research on the specific health guidelines that protect individuals who are HIV positive from disclosing their status. â€Å"Only by understanding why this is the case can public health practitioners, legal professionals, and others working on the response to the HIV epidemic globally have greater effect in protecting the rights of PLHIV and achieving the goals of increased positive disclosure and decreased spread of HIV.† (p.79) I also took into consideration individuals who may not know how to disclose their status to theirShow MoreRelatedRelegation Of Responsibility Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relegation of Responsibility based upon the Introduction of New HIV-Related Technologies Undoubtedly, the way individuals act within society is a direct result of the expectation that society places upon them. 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Essay Discrimination - 584 Words

Discrimination Discrimination! Of course you have heard of discrimination, but what is it. A dictionary would tell you discrimination is to make a distinction in favor of or against a person. Discrimination is a lot more than just that: its hate, hurting, judging, ignorance, and can even lead to death. The world we live in has been struggling with this sensitive subject, for as long as we have record of. Many people believe discrimination has made a big step forward. But has it? If it has, why do people still receive hate mail, or get called names, or die because they differ from each other. I guess these are questions you must ask yourself. I guess you could also ask yourself, if you†¦show more content†¦But it is true, there are many people out there just like that. So will it ever change? I dont know if anyone will ever be able to answer that question, but I do know a place were there will be no discrimination. One of the first acts of discrimination takes place in one of the first books of the bible. When the Pharaoh of Egypt, discriminated against the children of Israel by passing the decree, that all male babies born were to be put to death. The Pharaoh held all the Hebrew people as slaves. Thats just one of the first, of many acts of discrimination to come. One of the most famous acts of discrimination took place in our own country. When the white Americans, discriminated against the black Americans because of there color. They had white bathrooms, and black bathrooms, and so on with schools, restaurants, and everything. That sounds like a real intelligent way to judge, or discriminate against someone. Really it sounds more like the way a two year old would separate building blocks. Another famous act of discrimination took place during War War II. Hitler discriminated against the Jewish people of Germany, because he wanted to create a superior race. 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Historical, Anthropological And Gender Perspective

â€Å"Every child has the right to education†; I am sure that at some point or the other, we have all heard some variation of this very powerful statement. However, is every child given the right to education? We do not have to look far to notice the gaps in education availability between the developed and developing countries. I will be comparing and contrasting the educational system in Britain to that of a third world country, The Gambia. I will explore the history of Western education in The Gambia, and how this has played into Gambian perceptions of Western education. Because this class is interdisciplinary, I will attempt to make my paper well rounded by explaining my points from various perspectives including a historical, anthropological and gender perspective. After giving general differences and similarities, I will then concentrate specifically on the relationship between gender and education in both regions and how accessibility to education may differ on the basi s of gender. The Republic of The Gambia (The Gambia), is a small country located in West Africa with a population of about 1.9 million people (The World Bank). The capital city of The Gambia is Banjul and although small, Gambia represents a very diverse culture of about 10 different ethnicities. English is the language of instruction in schools and also in the legislature. Formally a British colony, The Gambia gained its independence in 1965 and has since then only had two presidents. The Gambia is aShow MoreRelatedAnthropology : The Anthropology Of Sports1496 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy of sports (Coakley and Dunning 2000:150). 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Essay on Teachers should be friendly not friends free essay sample

A teacher should all the time maintain his grace Addressing the class with a friendly smiling face As a decent but lively person can teach And a stern looking man can only preach Yes, yes, yes worthy Mr. President and respected audience, teaching especially to the young ones is not a child’s play. It requires a lot of patience, intelligence and psychological knowledge. A stern, strict and sever man with a grave face makes only a bad teacher. If the teacher is harsh, impatient and unfriendly the pupils will come to him unwillingly and try to play truant as soon as they get a chance but if he or she is friendly, sympathetic and kind hearted, they will feel enjoyment, solace and pleasure in his or her company and whenever they are not at school or college, will be eager to see him. Dear Mr. President, a sweet tongue has a magical effect on every body. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Teachers should be friendly not friends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The sweet tongue attracts the attention of the students and they remain fully attentive and receptive to the teaching all the time. On the other hand if teacher’s voice is harsh and unfriendly, it will make the students bore, disappointed and Inattentive. The holy prophet of Islam told that he was sent as a teacher and that he was proud of his being a teacher. God Almighty says to the holy prophet (s. a. w) that if he had been hard at heart, the people would have not stayed with him and fled away from him. It was the magical effect of his tender heart, sweet tongue and friendly behavior that his teachings spread all over the world in no time. My sweet Mr. President and kind hearted audience, a friendly, kind and encouraging attitude is the secret of effective and successful teaching. It makes the teacher favourite and the students successful. If the teacher is friendly and kind by nature, he is a born teacher but unfortunately if he does not possess these qualities he must try to create them by his personal efforts. One thing must be kept in mind that the teacher must be friendly but never a friend. Dear Mr. President. If the teacher becomes a friend of the students, the process of the teaching is converted into a play. The teacher will surely lose his or her superiority, supremacy and grace as familiarity breeds contempt. In this case the teaching will become unimpressive and ineffective. The discipline of the class will vanish and there would be clapping, laughter and noise all the time. Dear Mr. President and respected audience, so much familiarity between the teacher and the students is quite harmful to the process of teaching because the attention of the students and teachers is diverted from teaching to friendship. It has aptly been said that,’ Excess of every thing is bad’. One thing more should also be kept in mind that if the teacher and the taught belong to the opposite sexes the consequences of friendship can all the more be griever. I end my speech on these lines: The process of education may be done in a graceful atmosphere The students should not roam in the class room here and there The teacher should always be friendly but never a friend As in this way he will bring the teaching to a useless end.

Hindu Vs Chirstian Essays - Shabda, Reincarnation, Spirituality

Hindu Vs Chirstian Joe Cooper Peace Studies Professor Smith 31 October 2000 Hindu and Christian Approaches to War and Peace As international views on peace differ, so do opinions of different religions. Every culture has its own view on peace and how to attain it. Religious ties in most cases determine these values and laws. Two such opposing views on peace would be ancient Christian views and Hindu beliefs. Christianity believes in justice and love as the central focus of peace while Hindus learn to manage their own Self and create good karma to achieve peace. Early Christians believed that peace is a result from justice. If a commandment was broken, justice was the only solution. Kings became famous according to how just and wise they were. Feuds and trials were constantly brought before the biblical kings and they were forced to pass judgment. The modern equivalent of peace was not always attained in the early Christian times. Peace meant that justice had been carried out. Wars were fought to seek justice. The means achieved an end of peace after obtaining justice. Another kind of peace also existed in the Christian time, shalom. This type of peace means wholeness. Shalom is based on the idea that men and women are brothers and sisters under God as the Father. It involved a more positive feeling of love and kindness no experienced with justice peace. Christians view peace now as a solution to most problems and strive for it in everything they do. A Christian wishes to achieve personal peace with in their lives and with their God. Love is a very important part of Christian peace. A Christian strives to be content, satisfied, and to know total love. Christians respect and love each other in shalom peace. The kind of peace that Christians believe that Jesus brings is different. Christians now believe that everyone was made in the image of God. Because of this we should all love each other because God loves us and wishes us to be peaceful. Christians now respect and fear God because of the love they feel for human kind and for Jesus. Christian peace involves love and kindness while Hindu peace involves a different kind belief and structure. Hindus believe that their inner Self never dies and their life force moves from body to body as each new body lives and dies. Hindus believe that each person has a Self that exists within someone. This Self is like a spirit that is passed from body to body when they die. Because of this, according to the Hindu religion, the killing the body of a man does not matter; the spirit still survives. This means that wars are justified in this manner. Every person killed in battle will just enter a new body in a different life. At times, Hindus may believe that a certain war is ones duty or responsibility to fight. The only way for these people to justify this is because they do no feel that they are actually killing people. This view completely differs from the Christian perspective. Christians believe that people are only created once and that their lives are individual and separate from other lives. Hindus also believe in the concept of karma. The law of karma says that an actions man does generates consequences that impact the universe and come back as karma. This means that one should always strive to achieve good karma. World Peace does come from the world or from the leaders of the world. According to the Hindu belief, it comes from the individuals of the world. When an individual is at peace it spreads to his family, his neighbors, his city, his country and finally to the world. The life pattern of man, his Self, all over the world is intertwined as individuals and in the relationships between cities and nations. That is the notion of karma. When one achieves good karma it effects his whole world. Everything becomes different and better for a man if he has good karma. Hindus also believe that if someone is at peace with the world and has learned to create positive karma, his children and friends will also benefit. The feeling of karma is that the

About Zaha Hadid, First Woman Architect to Win a...

About Zaha Hadid, First Woman Architect to Win a... Born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1950, Zaha Hadid was the first woman to win a Pritzker Architecture Prize AND the first woman to win a Royal Gold Medal in her own right. Her work experiments with new spatial concepts and encompasses all fields of design, ranging from urban spaces to products and furniture. At the age of 65, young for any architect, she died suddenly of a heart attack. Background: Born: October 31, 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq Died: March 31, 2016 in Miami Beach, Florida Education: 1977: Diploma Prize, Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture in LondonStudied mathematics at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon prior to moving to London in 1972 Selected Projects: From parking garages and ski-jumps to vast urban landscapes, Zaha Hadids works have been called bold, unconventional, and theatrical. Zaha Hadid studied and worked under Rem Koolhaas, and like Koolhaas, she often brings a deconstructivist approach to her designs. Since 1988, Patrik Schumacher had been Hadids closest design partner. Schumacher is said to have coined the tern parametricism to describe the curvaceous, computer-aided designs of Zaha Hadid Architects. Since Hadids death, Schumacher is leading the company to fully embrace parametric design in the 21st Century. 1993: A fire station for the Vitra Company in Weil am Rhein, Germany2000: Inaugural Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, London, UK2001: Terminus Hoenheim-Nord, a park and ride and tramway on the outskirts of Strasbourg, France2002: Bergisel Ski Jump, Austria2003: The Richard and Lois Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati, Ohio2005: Phà ¦no Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany2008: Pedestrian Bridge and Exposition Pavilions, Zaragoza, Spain2009: MAXXI: National Museum of 21st Century Arts, Rome, Italy2010: Sheikh Zayed Bridge, Abu Dhabi, UAE2010: Guangzhou Opera House, China2011: Riverside Museum of Transport, Glasgow, Scotland2011: Aquatics Centre, London, United Kingdom; and post-Olympic reconfiguration in 20142011: CMA CGM Corporate Headquarters, Marseille, France2012: Pierres Vives, Montpellier, France2012: Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku, Azerbaijan2012: Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University in East Lansing2012: Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China2013: Hadid Res idences for CityLife, Milan, Italy 2014: Messner Mountain Museum at Plan de Corones, South Tyrol, Italy2017: Expected completion of Hadid Tower, office skyscraper for CityLife, Milan, Italy2017: Expected completion of One Thousand Museum Condos, Miami, Florida2022: (proposed) al-Wakrah Stadium, Qatar Other Works: Zaha Hadid is also known for her exhibition designs, stage sets, furniture, paintings, drawings, and shoe designs. Partnerships: Zaha Hadid worked at the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) with her former teachers, Rem Koolhaas and Elia ZenghelisIn 1979, Zaha Hadid opened her own practice, Zaha Hadid Architects. Patrik Schumacher joined her in 1988. Working with senior office partner, Patrik Schumacher, Hadids interest lies in the rigorous interface between architecture, landscape, and geology as her practice integrates natural topography and human-made systems, leading to experimentation with cutting-edge technologies. Such a process often results in unexpected and dynamic architectural forms.- Resnicow Schroeder Major Awards and Honors: 1982: Gold Medal Architectural Design, British Architecture for 59 Eaton Place, London2000: Honourable Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters2002: Commander of the British Empire2004: Pritzker Architecture Prize2010, 2011: Stirling Prize, Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)2012: Order of the British Empire, Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to Architecture2016: Royal Gold Medal, RIBA Learn More: Zaha Hadid was the first woman to win a Pritzker Architecture Prize. Learn more from Citation from the 2004 Pritzker Prize Jury.Zaha Hadid: Form in Motion by Kathryn B. Hiesinger (Philadelphia Museum of Art), Yale University Press, 2011 (catalog of commercial designs, made between 1995 and 2011)Zaha Hadid: Minimum Series by Margherita Guccione, 2010Zaha Hadid and Suprematism, Exhibition Catalog, 2012Zaha Hadid: Complete Works Source: Resnicow Schroeder biography, 2012 press release at resnicowschroeder.com/rsa/upload/PM/645_Filename_BIO%20-%20Zaha%20Hadid%20Oct%202012.pdf [accessed November 16, 2012]

Cancer Care Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cancer Care - Coursework Example On the contrary, vinyl chlorides facilitate the development of liver sarcomas. The purpose of cancer epidemiology helps in pointing out the areas of distribution of cancer and uncovering the main risk factor that causes and amplifies the cancer cases. Epidemiologic study or research provides a descriptive, cross-sectional, environmental, and methodical studies that attach on the case-control and highly entailed intervention process in managing of the cancer cases. The past 56 years has been described by an intensive research in the cancer field to expose the real nature of cancer and thus provide light on the nature of the risk factor on cancer (Kelvin & Tyson, 2011, p78). Incidence refers to a number of new cases reported in a fixed period of time divided by the number of people who are exposed at risk. Practically the time duration of study is normally chosen to be a year and is referred to as an annual incidence (Fleishman, 2012, p34). The importance of primary epidemiology in the prevention of cancer outlines the sets of entailed interventions that steadily shuns the development of the cancerous process. This groups of the process include health counselling and entailed education, keeping of product safety, ensuring of environmental controls. The primary attempts aim at controlling what may cause the development of the cancerous cells but secondary controls mainly deals with the treatment or reduction of cancer growth after detection or diagnosis. Product safety is a strong section of primary prevention since most of the chemicals are the sole cause and inducing factor of cancer. The prevention of cancer, at the primary level, basically invests in planning, evaluation and implementation of the preventions procedures entailed in the improvement of the comprehension concepts that essential on controlling of cancer (Wallace & Kelnar, 2009, p56). The primary prevention is normally designed for the prevention of cancer

Discuss how they establish ethos in their writing Essay

Discuss how they establish ethos in their writing - Essay Example Robert Kennedy came from a long line of Kennedys who were well thought of and established in the world. Robert had a background in politics stemming from an appointment as a United States Attorney General to a nominee for the president of the United States. Most people will recognize him as a Senator who was assassinated before he was able to make his bid for president. He grew up in what was called a "competitive" family that was very close. (Robert F. Kennedy "Biography"). He was known for battling injustice and organizing people to do move forward on a variety if issues including the Vietnam War, organized crime, and he worked closely to help black Americans find a peaceful place in the world. He was also known for his ability to talk to people without barriers. When Martin Luther King died it was Kennedy that was able to hold people together. Both John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy were proponents of civil rights and they worked well within many communities, particularly with blacks and other disenfranchised persons (Robert F. Kennedy "Biography"). This is the information that creates ethos for Robert Kennedy and what lead to his speech in front of a mostly black crowd in Indianapolis. He was well respected by most people in the black community and this was one of the reasons that he was one of the only white men who could have addressed the crowd that day. He was also qualified to speak about Martin Luther King because he believed in what Martin stood for and had been actively helping with civil rights. Kennedy was a strong orator and he understood what to say to people to get them to do what he was asking. On that night, he also used his compassion and his emotions to give people what they needed in order to move them forward. Another reason this worked for him was because his speech was very much like a speech that Dr. King would have made: Kennedy had already established himself as a writer, orator and statesman so he was already established as an

Crime Risk Management

Crime Risk Management How can the security/risk manager utilise the Crime Risk Management process and how useful is this process? Crime Risk Management (CRM) is an evolutionary and analytical process to assess whether organisational procedures, assets or individuals could become exposed to a potential threat; to identify the measures necessary to reduce any such risk; to mitigate the consequences of any hazard once realised; to evaluate the success or otherwise of the prescribed course of action; and to adapt appropriately. The conventions of risk management take into account that whilst risk is unlikely to be entirely eradicated, adapting organisational security mechanisms to further protect against anticipated or imagined threats can significantly reduce it. The Crime Risk Management process provides those responsible for securing an organisation against risk with various tools. To develop a greater understanding of how CRM is utilised today it is beneficial to consider the practices of a particular industry in isolation. The manner in which the banking industry combats financial crimes such as plastic fraud provides a useful example. Further to this, in order to critically assess the effectiveness of the approaches taken by industry watchdogs in safeguarding against risk, a brief comparison between the Banking sector and the United Nations CRM practices has been included. Ultimately, when best practices are followed, the CRM process can also have the effect of a deterrent against future misconduct when the latent vulnerabilities of an operation are recognised and appropriately reduced to within acceptable boundaries. According to constitutive criminology, crime is defined as the harm resulting from people â€Å"investing energy in harm-producing relations of power,† which â€Å"denies others their ability to make a difference† (McLaughlin and Muncie, 2006:66). The United States (US) Air Force Material Command Pamphlet (AFMCPAM 63-101, 1997:5) describes risk as â€Å"a measure of a projects inability to achieve program objectives†¦(it) has two components: the probability of failing to achieve particular performance, schedule or cost objectives, and the consequences of failing to achieve those objectives†. Subsequently, risk management is the process of ‘controlling’ such risks and â€Å"includes identifying and tracking risk areas, developing risk mitigation plans as part of risk handling, monitoring risks and performing risk assessments to determine how risks have changed† (AFMCPAM 63-101, 1997:5-6). Cox (2005:64) defines risk management as a â€Å"decision process that maps available risk assessment information about the probable consequences of acts of crime, along with value judgments and priority information concerning the choices of which acts to take in response†. This definition however interprets the discipline of risk management as a more passive activity, focusing more on the assimilation of information and the analysis that follows, rather than the active intervention required to avert or alleviate the risk. Conversely, Broder as cited in Nalla Newman (1990: 92), defines CRM as the â€Å"anticipation, recognition and appraisal of a risk and the initiation of some action to remove the risk or reduce the potential loss from it to an acceptable level†. Based on the above contrasting definitions, one focusing on the information gathering and analysis aspect, and the other accentuating the notion of taking action to avert the risk, CRM can be concluded to have a number of objectives: namely to assess risk by proactive means rather than simply reacting to risks as and when they are encountered, to assess potential losses that might result from these eventualities, conduct a cost benefit analysis of taking risk intervention measures such as setting up a CRM process, and finally, to minimise, control or transfer foreseeable risks (Gill, 1998:14). Therefore, a solid â€Å"risk management approach includes three primary elements: a threat assessment, a vulnerability assessment, and a criticality assessment† (Decker, 2001:1). Each of these aspects also takes into consideration the probability of an occurrence and the timeframe in which it is likely to occur during the lifetime of a project (AFMCPAM 63-101, 1997:6). Threat assessments are critical supports for operational decision-making in the security program design phase, identifying areas requiring crucial and concerted efforts. These assessments identify and evaluate risks based on a number of elements including ‘capability’, ‘intentions’, and the ‘potential lethality’ of a breach (Decker, 2001:1). Since there is no way to anticipate every possible risk, or to know everything about each risk, the two other processes involved in this method, vulnerability and criticality assessments, are essential in maximising preparedness against the threat of a violation. A vulnerability assessment determines â€Å"weaknesses that may be exploited† by potential perpetrators and â€Å"suggests options to eliminate or mitigate those weaknesses†. â€Å"A criticality assessment is a process designed to systematically identify and evaluate†: an operation’s key assets based on their consequence to the fulfilment of its mission or basic function, those within the organisation that may prove vulnerable, â€Å"or the significance of a structure† (Decker, 2001:1). This aspect of the CRM approach is imperative since it has the potential to aid preparedness against material threats, and in turn, enhance the allocation of scarce resources to those areas, whether to assets, procedures or structures, subsequently identified as being of the highest priority and thereby requiring ‘special protection’ from perceived threats (Decker, 2001:1-2). While a number of conventional theories are both accessible and feasibly applicable as CRM processes, the two contemporary methods that are the most popular are the rational choice and routine activity theories. The routine activity approach considers only direct-contact predatory violations, where at least one offender takes or damages the property of at least one other person. It is thus based on three factors, â€Å"a likely offender, a suitable target and the absence of capable guardians against crime† (Cohen and Felson, 1979:588). On the other hand, the rational choice approach focuses on situational crime prevention, predicting the time and place where crimes are likely to occur, reducing opportunities and the motivation to offend, and thereby decreasing the propensity of the criminal to offend at all (Clarke and Cornish, 1985:174-177). Both of these approaches highlight the importance of assimilation and analysis of information. To this end, the Crime Pattern Analysis ( CPA) is a critical informative tool â€Å"which seeks to determine what crimes are likely to impact particular targets†, to identify â€Å"the criminals (most) likely to commit the crimes, and (to forecast) how and when such crimes are likely to occur† (Tyska and Fennelly, 1998:50). An initial consideration of these concepts would appear relatively straightforward, however the prospect of implementing an effective CRM process to adequately safeguard against risk can be a daunting endeavour for the security manager. One area in particular requiring a comprehensive CRM approach is the retail banking industry especially relating to plastic fraud. Plastic fraud includes various types of criminal activity including use of stolen cards, skimming, absent ordering, and identity theft (Newman and Clarke, 2003:145, Refer also to Appendix 1, page 13). Misuse of stolen cards is the most traditional form of plastic fraud, where cards are stolen from customers, enabling the fraudsters to make purchases in the window available to them between their acquisition of the card and the original card holder reporting the loss of the card to their issuing bank who take action to revoke or cancel the account (Slawsky and Zafar, 2005:101). Skimming is another form of plastic crime that takes place when a cardholder uses his card at any commercial establishment or cash machine. The details of the electromagnetic strip at the back of the card are copied onto a secondary storage device, which can later be replicated onto a counterfeit card, illegally cloned to resemble the details of the original, and reused by the fraudster for access to funds or illegal purchases. (Slawsky and Zafar, 2005:104). Another form of card crime growing in incidence is the ‘Card Not Present’ (CNP) variety. This occurs when the perpetrator makes a purchase t hrough mail order or telephone order, usually buying expensive merchandise, for their own personal gain, for either reselling it in the market-place or by tricking the merchant into refunding the value of the goods upon their return (Montague, 2004:12). Leonard and Lamb (2007:91) define identity theft as â€Å"afraud committed using the identifying information of another person†. As such, it comprises the misuse of information that is specific to an individual, usually involving â€Å"a partial and transient adoption (of the details)†¦in order to facilitate criminal activity† (Finch, 2002:86). In extreme cases, this could cause the victim huge financial losses, discomfort and social embarrassment where the protagonist attempts to use these details to derive material benefit at the expense of the victim. When applying the CRM process to this form of crime, the first step the security manager is required to take is the initial assessment phase, which involves evaluating the threats and areas of vulnerability in order to determine the level of risk. A number of tools are required at this stage, some of which are quantitative in nature, and others are qualitative (Fennelly, 2003:494). Quantitative analyses usually employ statistical sampling, based on mathematical calculations to assess the likelihood of a crime, extrapolated from results data (DePersia and Pennella, 1998:304). The aforementioned Rational Choice Theory is a related quantitative approach. Within the context of plastic fraud crime, application of this particular theory is exemplified through the regulated practice of profiling customers. In order to identify extraordinary behaviour financial institutions commonly track the regular transaction histories of their clientele. This is especially true of institutions that issue cards for credit purchases, viewing investment in database profiling of customer transaction histories as crucial. These systems make it possible to characterise potential ‘suspect’ incidents by programming patterns which trigger warnings including: sudden spending sprees, reaching the credit limit or exhausting the account balance, duplicate transactions of unlikely merchandise especially expensive items such as televisions, and an unusual avoidance of delivery services (Slawsky and Zafar, 2005:102). An example of automated programming used to detect uncharacteristic activity on card accounts is the Visa Intelligent Scoring Of Risk (VISOR) facility provided by the Visa network (Grabosky and Smith, 1998:170). The use of this CPA technique has improved the potential to diminish the effec t of fraudulent activity on both customers and institutions alike, by simultaneously preventing further theft and acting as a deterrent against aspiring felons. Qualitative assessments determine the chances of risk on a sliding scale from negligible to prohibitive based on the opinions, experience and knowledge of leading security management experts (Kovacich and Boni, 1999:192). Considering most plastic fraud takes place at the ‘Point of Sale’ (POS), and since highly skilled security managers cannot monitor everything at once, one of the most effective means of incorporating qualitative assessment into the CRM process is by implementing a thorough training regimen for employees, alongside a widespread awareness raising campaign aimed at educating customers and installation of permanent surveillance equipment such as CCTV (Horan, 1996:68-76). This dual approach instructs on the nefarious methods employed to misuse either cards or card information in order to create a front-line defence mechanism and enhance the fraud detection capacity of the operation. Any fraudulent activities intercepted by staff are rapidly communicated thro ughout the organisation, for instructive and investigative purposes, to further foster this self-regulative method (Horan, 1996:68). The assimilation of quantitative and qualitative analysis into banking industry best-practice CRM has resulted in the introduction of a number of effective controls designed specifically to curtail plastic fraud. One solution has been the introduction of embedded ‘microchip’ protection and PIN cards in the United Kingdom (Hoare, 2007:274). This security enhancement prevents the misuse of credit cards by requesting the card PIN for every transaction regardless of whether the customer is making a simple purchase or a cash withdrawal, thereby further reducing the risk of fraudulent transactions. This approach is then combined with customer advisories such as the need to keep cards and PIN information separate (Grabosky and Smith, 1991:170). When implementing crime risk management systems of this nature, however, there are two imperative considerations security managers must remain mindful of in advocating a particular method: probability and the associated cost-benefit outc omes. Proponents within crime management recommend that risk should always be viewed in a probabilistic context (Fischer and Green, 2004:139). For example, the recent collapse of the sub-prime mortgage market, beginning in the United States, has had a tremendous impact on global financial markets, however those organisations that viewed the probability of this event occurring as remote presumably installed fewer measures to insure against such a risk, thereby suffering the greatest losses. This example vindicates those weary observers who viewed this practice as dubious, although not criminal in the strictest sense, and who have continued to advocate for more rigorously stringent regulation of credit lending (Munro, Ford, Leishman, and Kofi Karley, 2005:1-3 26-30). The second, and arguably more important factor, is that the cost of CRM implementation should not exceed the benefits received to the institution in seeking to avoid the risk in the first instance (Culp, 2001:226). The indomitable pervasiveness of plastic fraud, although costly, does not quite warrant the installation of sophisticated risk management systems at all POS sites. One of the more dramatic recent proposals to counteract crimes of an identity fraud nature involves biometrically tagging individuals to a corresponding identification card in order to develop a log of all activities, which is then compiled into an ominous central database (Ahlefeld and Gaston, 2005:79). Although some view these measures as the only way possible of comprehensively monitoring and controlling such crimes, there are certainly many criticisms against this suggested method including the prohibitive cost of implementing and maintaining a system capable of delivering this service, the potential for sec urity breaches in the data system storing private records of citizens, and the associated infringements upon civil liberties and human rights likely to be raised in opposition to the proposal (Grant, 2008). Industry driven cost-benefit analysis is therefore a vital component of appropriate CRM design. There are innumerous benefits to implementing a CRM process within an organisation, regardless of the environment in which it is applied, in either the public or private sphere, which is why this approach has steadily grown in practice (McLaughlin and Muncie, 2006: 363-364). It is the essentially proactive nature of the approach taken in CRM, allowing for the mitigation and prevention of potentially disastrous outcomes, that explains why it is so well favoured. The banking industry is not alone in its vulnerability to losses through fraudulent practices; indeed according to calculations published by the United Kingdom (UK) Home Office Identity Fraud Steering Committee (IFSC), it is estimated that identity fraud represents an annual cost of  £1.7 billion to the UK economy (Home Office, 2006). The significance of this threat is a partial motivating factor behind the financial services sector adopting an industry-wide approach to CRM shared regulatory practices. The Credit Industry Fraud Avoidance System (CIFAS) is representative of this trend, working in conjunction with institutions across the entire financial sector and in the general interest of the banking fraternity. These cooperative systems are then linked to the broader national security management infrastructure, and though ongoing consultations and data sharing, a complex relationship has been established to combat pervasive and costly crimes, including plastic fraud (CIFAS, 2007). This level of cooperation was recently formalised in the UK through Royal Assent to the Serious Crimes Act 2007 for the prevention of fraud through shared information with anti-fraud organisations (Office of PSI, 2007: Part 3, Chapter 1, section 68). Thereby the CRM approach of individual institutions informs industry standards to nati onal policing activities, all working cooperatively in a sophisticated network dedicated to crime management. This cooperative approach by the banking industry to CRM processes has a cascading effect. The shared CRM network enables participants to access a continuous risk assessment feedback mechanism, allowing the entire industry to maintain a collective pool of knowledge easily referenced to assess the potential risks associated with a specific action, either not previously anticipated or as part of a new initiative by an individual institution, creating unprecedented levels of cost-benefit sharing and exemplifying the potential of widespread best-practice implementation (CIFAS, 2007 and FSA, 2008). Regulative bodies such as the Financial Services Authority (FSA), constituted with statutory powers through the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Office of PSI, 2000: Part 1, section 1), provide a form of protection for the industry against both internal and external fraud, by monitoring, evaluating and reporting practices across the sector. The authority is an industry funded, non-gover nmental organisation, empowered to enforce its recommendations (FSA, 2008). Alongside the membership requirement to voluntarily commit to full disclosure regulative authorities such as this further enable the industry to self-regulate, mitigate against threats and further spread the cost of CRM across the sector. The systemic level of commitment exemplified by the banking industry’s approach to CRM of threats such as plastic fraud, and the broader commitment to combating identity related fraud in the United Kingdom, demonstrate the high level of cooperative action required to effectively combat specific crimes and realise the full potential of CRM processes at large. Both Gill, through his three foci for risk management decision-making (1998:15), and Young’s 1992 theory of the ‘square of crime’ (Department of Criminology, 2003:1-15) call for multi-sectoral simultaneous high-level intervention for effective crime prevention outcomes. The combinations of: institutions and their customers, advocating for changes in public and private policy to mitigate specific threats, activated by administrators and legislators alike, must be in alignment with factors such as Gill’s means to ‘change offenders’ (1998:16), where appropriate punishment is meted again st identified perpetrators to increase the risk of offending, in concert with a palpable level of public opprobrium (Department of Criminology, 2003:1-21). Whilst a consideration of the plastic fraud approach has illustrated the high level of cooperation required between all impacted by crime, in order to more effectively prevent losses, a brief reflection of the United Nations system further reveals the evolution of CRM at work. CRM processes are performed in two simultaneous approaches within the UN system. CRM practices are now more closely assimilated into the Security Risk Assessment (SRA) processes of the organisation to more effectively combat risk from both internal and external threats (Australian Capital Territory Insurance Authority, 2004: 4-10). CRM and SRA processes are continually reviewed, evaluated, reassessed and adapted as necessary; especially in light of recent attacks such as those on UN staff members in Iraq and Algeria. Updated recommendations are communicated broadly to mainstream their approach across all activities and in order to achieve the aims of comprehensive security management across their global operati ons. The mission of the UN Security Management System (UNSMS) overall is â€Å"to ‘enable’ the effective and efficient conduct of UN activities while ensuring the security, safety and well being of staff as a high priority† (United Nations, 2002:2, Part II, para 3). To achieve this mandate the UNSM system requires maximum coordination and cooperation at all levels to facilitate workable ‘funds and programmes’ so they are enabled to perform their primary objective of delivering aid as appropriate. The ‘management techniques’ discussed by Gill (1998: 14-15) are increasingly being incorporated to general UN practices; for example in the manner of staff and management recruitment practices which emphasise security as the responsibility of all staff employed under the auspices of the UN (United Nations, 2006:4-2). In order to fully integrate this approach, from the ground up and across country programs, a Security Management Team is allocated to meet regularly at the ‘head of mission’ level. These senior level fora are guided by the senior country representative of the UN Department of Safety and Security (DSS), who are â€Å"responsible for providing leadership, operational support and oversight of the security management system to enable the safest and most efficient conduct of the programmes and activities of the United Nations† (United Nations, 2006:2-1, para 2.5). The UNSMS framework exemplifies Gill’s risk management recommendations whereby the mandate of security managers is to be a stakeholder in program operational objectives, enabling their effective fulfilment, and conversely, the managers and staff of each program are a stakeholder in the security of their own operations (1998:14-15). This cultural shift from the traditional perception of security as ‘working in isolation’ allows for an increased level of protection to permeate the organisation and for all staff to enjoy the successful achievement of operational objectives in a safe and secure environment. Although the UNSM system provides one positive example, the reality is that changing internal traditional operational cultures, to incorporate risk prevention as a perceived responsibility for all managers, remains a significant challenge (Handy, 1993: 209). Closer inspection of the plastic fraud approach to the CRM process also exposes a number other difficulties faced by the security manager when implementing procedures to prevent exposure to risk. The crime risk manager may be criticised for displaying a disposition to crime displacement, which results in a transfer of risk rather than absolute dissolution. â€Å"Crime displacement occurs when security measures are effective in preventing crime†, where they are in place, â€Å"and forces the criminal to go elsewhere†¦to commit their crimes†, where there may be less security infrastructure. Displacement could be represented by a shift in time (temporal), shift in target venue (spatial), tactics, or perpetrator (V ellani, 2006:169). As intimated above, the high level of cross-sectoral cooperation required to truly spotlight and diminish specific crimes is often beyond the means of small-scale security managers to influence. Even in the case of confederated cooperation illustrated by the banking industry to mitigate plastic fraud, the crime still exists. Where the perpetrator commits isolated instances of plastic fraud there may be a low risk of detection, incidents may not be recorded or reported and therefore there is a perceived lack of punishment associated with the offence, which can contribute to the overall seriousness of the problem (Department of Criminology, 2003: 1-21). Indeed the CIFAS prevention service lists the three documents most frequently utilised to commit identity related fraud offences as â€Å"non-UK passports, utility bills and then UK passports† (CIFAS, 2008). As CRM policy shifts its attention toward the greater risk area a gap is left behind for small-scale, undetected perpetrato rs that nonetheless contribute to an area of fraudulent activity that still represents major losses for credit providers. The major challenge in taking the CRM process approach is in designing the system based on ‘real’ threats and with enough flexibility to adapt to a constantly changing environment. CRM processes require constant review, evaluation, reassessment and adaptation, and even then there is no guarantee that risk will always be averted (Gill, 1998: 17). There may be those whose commitment to the process waivers, governments and their policies may change, societal reactions to certain risk may be attenuated, criminals evolve to increasingly sophisticated methods as their use of technology improves and victim organisations may change their directions, reforming appropriately as they go (Department of Criminology, 2003: 1-22). Therefore, implementation of a CRM process requires a scrupulous cost-benefit examination, credible and quality information from which the risk assessment is drawn, and a wholesale commitment by the organisation in order to derive maximum worth (Gill, 1998: 1 6-17). If the approach is too conservative the risk may be that tangible business opportunities are unnecessarily overlooked whilst simultaneously failing to address the risks involved. Finally, the security manager must also control the level of expectation associated with their anticipated levels of success, since it is unlikely for even the most reliable system to remain unscathed. In conclusion, almost every act in business involves an element of risk: customer habits change, new competitors appear, and factors outside the sphere of control could delay a project. However thorough risk analysis and management can help to inform decision making and minimize potential disruptions, especially where there is a sufficient balance between mitigating the risk and the cost associated in doing so. Evolving CRM processes that utilise decentralised risk management techniques in combination with a centralised coordination approach are becoming accepted best practice, with the result that individual firms are able to adapt the framework to best suit their preferences and internal conditions. It would therefore appear that the discipline is ‘coming of age’ which is evidenced through the prevalence of its practice in the mainstream. However the combination of the ever-present elements of change and the unforeseen represent the greatest challenges to the security manager in mitigating risk. The reality is that they can only apply their experience, offer their informed advice to key stakeholders, and manage the outcomes, whatever they may be. References Ahlefeld, H. von. and Gaston, J. (2005) Lessons in Danger, OECD Online Bookshop. Air Force Material Command Pamphlet (1997) ‘Acquisition: Risk Management’, AFMC Pamphlet 63-101, http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFMCPAM63-101.pdf, (accessed 1 March 2008). Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Insurance Authority (2004) ‘Guide to Risk Management’, Risk Management Guide Toolkit, ACT Insurance Authority, http://www.treasury.act.gov.au/actia/Guide.doc (Accessed 1 March 2008). Bridgeman, C. (1996) ‘Crime Risk Management: Making it work’, Crime Detection and Prevention Series Paper 70, Police Research Group, London: Home Office. Clarke, R.V. and Cornish, D.B. (1985) ‘Modelling Offenders’ Decisions: A framework for Research and Policy’, Crime and Justice, 6: 147-185. Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) ‘Social Change and Crime rate trends’, American Sociological Review, 44: 588-608. Cox, L. A. (2005) Quantitative Health Risk Analysis Methods, Springer. Credit Industry Fraud Avoidance System (CIFAS). (2007) ‘New Fraud Prevention Power Will Save  £Millions’, Press Centre, 30 October 2007, http://www.cifas.org.uk/default.asp?edit_id=786-57, (accessed 1 March 2008). Credit Industry Fraud Avoidance System (CIFAS). (2008) ‘2007 Fraud Trends’, Press Centre, 28 January 2008, http://www.cifas.org.uk/default.asp?edit_id=790-57, (accessed 1 March 2008). Culp, C. L. (2001) The Risk Management Process, John Wiley and Sons. DePersia, A.T. and Pennella, J.J. (1998) Enforcement and Security Technologies, SPIE. Decker, R.J. (2001) ‘Homeland Security: Key Elements of a Risk Management Approach’, Testimony: Before the Subcommittee on National Security, Veteran Affairs and International Relations; House Committee on Government Reform, GAO-02-150T, United States: General Accounting Office. Department of Criminology (2003) ‘Unit 1: Crime Risk Management’, Module 2: Applied Crime Management, Department of Criminology, 1-5 to 1-23. Fennelly, L.J. (2003) Handbook of Loss Prevention and Crime Prevention, Butterworth-Heinemann. Financial Services Authority (FSA). (2008) ‘Who are we’, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/About/Who/index.shtml, (accessed 1 March 2008). Finch, E. (2002) ‘What a tangled web we weave: identity theft and the Internet’, in Yvonne Jewkes (ed.) Dot.cons: Crime, deviance and identity on the Internet, Willan Publishing, 86-104. Fischer, R. J. and Green, G. (2004) Introduction to Security (7th Edn), Butterworth-Heinemann. Gill, M. (1998) ‘Chapter 1: Introduction’, in Martin Gill (ed.) Crime at Work Volume II: Increasing the Risk to Offenders, Leicester: Perpetuity Press Ltd, 11-23. Grabosky, P.N. and Smith, R.G. (1998) Crime in the Digital Age: Controlling Telecommunications and Cyberspace Illegalities, Transaction Publishers. Grant. I. (2008) ‘Wave of criticism hits government ID card relaunch’ in ComputerWeekly.com, http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2008/03/07/229773/wave-of-criticism-hits-government-id-card-relaunch.htm, (accessed 9 March 2008). Handy, C. (1993) Understanding Organizations (4th edn), Harmondsworth: Penguin. Home Office (2006) ‘Identity Fraud puts  £1.7bn Hole in Britains Pocket’, Press Releases, 2 February 2006, http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/identity-fraud-puts-1.7bn-hole?version=1, accessed 1 March 2008). Horan, D.J. (1996) The Retailer’s Guide to Loss Prevention and Security, CRC Press. Hoare, J. (2007) ‘Deceptive Evidence: Challenges in Measuring Fraud’ in J.M. Hough, and M.G. Maxfield (eds) Surveying Crime in the 21st Century, Criminal Justice Press. Kovacich, G. L. and Boni, W. C. (1999) High Technology Crime Investigator’s Handbook, Elsevier. Leonard, R. and Lamb J. (2007) Credit Repair (8th Edn),Nolo. McLaughlin, E. and Muncie, J. (2006) The Sage Dictionary of Criminology, Sage Publications. Montague, D.A. (2004) Fraud Prevention Techniques for Credit Card Fraud, Trafford Publishing. Munro, M., Ford, J., Leishman, C. and Kofi Karley, N. (2005) Lending to higher risk borrowers: Sub-prime credit and sustainable home ownership, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/1859353355.pdf, (accessed 1 March 2008). Nalla, M. and Newman, G

Living With Endometriosis Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological disorders which affect 5.5 million women in the U.S. and 176 million women worldwide. It is a chronic disorder found within the pelvic area of women. This disease is found to affect women of all ethnic and social backgrounds. While it has not yet been determines exactly what causes endometriosis there seems to be certain trends that may contribute to this disease. There also seems to be a link this being a hereditary disease. Symptoms can vary widely from case to case which can sometimes make it hard to diagnose endometriosis in the beginning. Endometriosis has 4 stages or classifications which are minimal, mild, moderate and severe which are used to describe the anatomic location and the severity of the disorder. Symptoms can be as minimal as mild cramping and be as devastating as infertility. There is no known cure for endometriosis but women do have treatment options to relieve the pain and to help with fertility problems tha t may be a result of endometriosis. The only true way to diagnose endometriosis is by performing a pelvic laparoscopy. But ultrasound is a way to pick up on signs of endometriosis. Endometriosis is a chronic, progressive disorder in which tissue resembling the inner lining of the uterus known as endometrium grows and appears at unusual locations in the lower abdominal cavity. It is a condition that occurs when the endometrium, tissue that lines the inside of the uterus, grows outside of the uterus. During your menstrual cycle the endometrium thickens to get ready for the egg. If the egg is fertilized, it will attach to the endometrium and begin to grow. If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrium breaks down and is flushed from your body as blood ... ...unction. St. Louis: Saunders, 2004. Depot, Lupron. Endometriosis Treatment. Abbott Park: Abbott, 2010. Kowalczyk, Nina, and James Mace. Radiographic Pathology for Technologists. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2009. Kurjak, Asim, and Frank Chervenak. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Panama City: Jaypee, 2004. Metzger, Deborah, and Howard Reisman, and Stuart Schultz. Managing Endometriosis. San Bruno: StayWell, 2000. Mosbys Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2009. S, Kennedy . Endometriosis Global Forum for News and Information. 23 Jan. 2011. 11 Feb. 2012. . Storck, Susan. "Endometriosis." PubMed Health. 25 Jul. 2011. . Trivedi, Dr. Ravi K. Personal interview. 11 Feb. 2012.

The Challenging of Institutions Within the Art World

TERM 1 WEEK 5 The challenging of institutions within the art world â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† (John A Walker) as they challenge the historical context of traditional institutions, such as conventions, government and religious views, by viewing works. Through the post-modern frame (examining how artists and artworks challenge traditional bounds and rules, and conventions in art including concepts of originality and authenticity), artists in contemporary societies have started to use non-conventional, appropriated techniques to create new meaning within their works- shocking audiences and challenging institutional tolerance, ‘limits of tolerance’ (John A Walker) often being assessed through audiences reaction, censorship and the banning of exhibitions. The Sensation Exhibition is a collection by Charles Saatchi opened in 1997 to attempt to define a generation of artists, shocking the world with their controversial themes and medias. Three works within this exhibition that challenge the institution and tested the boundaries of their tolerance were The Holy Virgin Mary (1996) by Chris Ofili which explores the hypocrisy of Catholicism, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living (1991) by Damien Hirst which deals with the cycle of life and death and My Bed (1999) by Tracey Emin which explores the most brutal times in Emin’s life. Each of these works tests the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and morality, challenging and confronting the way they are viewed within each institution. The Sensation Exhibition, lead to an up roar by members of society, including aspects of the art world Chris Ofili’s, The Holy Virgin Mary was a leading cause of controversy in the Sensation Exhibition due to the potent mixture of themes such as purity, pornography and excrement. On two lumps of dried, varnished elephant dung, sits Ofili’s work of an African American Madonna, covered in Renaissance styled drapery. The Holy Virgin Mary appropriates and recontextulizes the traditional Virgin Mary, not only by this but, by juxtaposing the pure, innocence of cherubs and substituting not only their physicality on the canvas but also their meaning with photographs of female genitalia. Ofili’s work plays with the idea that women should bear full chastity but also embarrass her sexuality within, highlighting the hypocrisy of Catholicism. The Holy Virgin Mary challenges the Catholic Church as an institution through the recontextulization of the Virgin Mary- a pure and sacred symbol in Catholicism. How individual views each work within each gallery institution is different. â€Å"You don’t have the right to a government subsidy for desecrating someone’s religion. † (Rudolph Giuliani- Mayor of New York) The Holy Virgin Mary provoked the anger of Giuliani, not only outraged because of the pornographic elements of the artwork but also its painting surface and support on elephant dung. For Guliani, this work was interpreted as an insulting and blasphemous attack on the holy status of the Virgin Mary. While Giuliani sees the work as disrespect to religion, Ofili himself sees the piece as a work of beauty, the elephant dung highlighting the natural phenomenon of life, another entity of purity within itself. Through Ofili’s work, religion has become a reoccurring subject of art, not because of any religious beliefs held by the artist himself, but to show the result of change in society, including religions place therein. Society has been conditioned by institutions to behave in a contemplative, reflective manner when viewing museum works. Every individual views a work differently, thus challenging the limits of not only an individual’s tolerance but also an institution as a whole through the general publics expression and reflection on a work. Damien Hirst’s The Physical Impossibility in the Mind of Something Living explores the confronting idea of death in a hypocritical light. Hirst’s use of the physical form of a dead shark, which is known as a symbol of death and fear is very confronting. The public viewing this work may question these stereotypical ideas associated with this animal whilst being able to stare it directly in the face, in all its silence and serenity. The use of formaldehyde to preserve the external remains of the dead shark makes the audience think about the internal happenings of not only the shark but also themselves, as an individual and what happens in your mind when you are physically dead. Damien Hirst’s quest to be edgy is as boring as it is callous. It does not matter whether Hirst killed the animals himself or sat by while thousands of them were massacred for his own unjustifiable amusement. Sharks are a part of nature and should be aloud to live in the wild instead of destroyed for something predictable and unimaginative. † (Same Glover, PETA) The reaction of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) towards Hirst’s was that he was barbaric and cruel, not recognising Hirst’s works as art. Presented in a gallery space, with the subject matter and materials used, suspended within a glass tank is an unconventional art form in itself- also contributing to the tolerance and challenging of the gallery institution and the public as an institution. This reaction, â€Å"In keeping with the piece's title, the shark is simultaneously life and death incarnate in a way you don't quite grasp until you see it, suspended and silent, in its tank. It gives the innately demonic urge to live a demonic, deathlike form. (New York Times 2007) This extract emphasises the effect this piece has on the audience when seen up close and personal in the actual gallery space, thus testing the limits of audience and gallery tolerance and challenging the space it exhibits in. Art within an institution is used to influence the public’s attitude and beliefs or, in some cases, relate to a smaller group who have gone through the similar experiences in life. â€Å"It was as if it was no longer the task to produce masterpieces, but to use the making and showing of art in the service of some more socially urgent endeavour†. Arthur Danto) Tracey Emin’s, My Bed does exactly this. My Bed explores an individual’s issue of identity, sexuality and morality in a brutally honest way through the contemplation of suicide. Emin’s work confronts an audience by letting you into her world to explore the toughest yet greatest times in her life. This subject is much more fragile than Hirst’s and Ofili’s work as it makes the connection between a personal hardship in Emin’s life rather than the fear of death felt in Hirst’s work or the traditional vs. modern exploration created by Ofili. By putting something, so personal such as a bed on display in a gallery setting- the traditional design of the institution as a place for a ‘masterpiece’ has been challenged through the raw and honestly confrontation of Emin’s work. â€Å"Emin brings life in things taken from the real world — into the art gallery and leaves it there, more or less unchanged† (The Telegraph) This statement supports Emin’s connection to individuals who go through depression and contemplation of suicide through the raw, untouched entities of her bedroom, exaggerating the self-absorption and self-pity felt in an isolated room full of negative, undermining houghts. Through placing such an intimate entity in a gallery space and making it her own room, Emin challenges the gallery as an institution by making it a more personalized experience for not only the people who have gone through this hardship, but everyone by placing something so uncanny in a public gallery, bl urring the line between private and public externalisation. â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† by attempting to define a generation of artists and their diverse and controversial artistic visions. Through different medias, attributing to their post modernistic conventions, The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living by Damien Hirst and My Bed by Tracey Emin all challenge and test the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and mortality. Each work explores the recontextulization of gallery spaces through the historical context by redefining an institution as a place that challenges history rather than upholds the traditional design of conventional, ‘classical’ art. Institutions such as PETA, religion, governments and the public, have all been challenged by artworks, thus redefining institutions and being designed to test their limitations. Bibliography: 27/2/13, retrieved from the world wide web, Sensation Saatchi Collection, Records of the Department of Public Information, https://www. brooklynmuseum.