A research proposal on sporting and its personal development Essay Example for Free

A research proposal on sporting and its personal development Essay The usual playing adds little value to an individual. Sport, however, helps in the development of athletic as well as the physical abilities. Sports involve team work which adds value to the social context of an individual, the way of relationship with team members and how one perceives himself. The presence of a coach in a game helps in the control of various lessons that sportsmen learn in the field of play. The coaches help in the examination of values, designing of activities considering various results as well as leading through examples. This work will address various types of development related to sports including â€Å"physical, intellectual, social, and emotional as well as moral capabilities† (Barez 2008). Problem statement Different people have different opinions on sports and sporting activities. However, it is well known that sports lead to development of certain positive qualities including self discipline, dedication and leadership skills through the competitive participation in various events. On the other, a number of people also argue that sports do not have a positive result on character development due to the win ego. In this case, the mentality for a must win leads to unethical behaviors including excessive cheating, aggressiveness and drug abuse. This makes the real value of sports very complex and worth a discussion topic on this paper. However, the pros outdo the cons and the paper will discuss on sports as a development activity. Sports help in the physical development through balancing the mind, body as well as the spirit (Holt 2008). Literature review  In the early childhood as Bares (2008) states, sporting which is mostly in form of play helps in learning skills including running and jumping as well as balancing. This also helps in gaining and development of social, emotional, moral and cognitive competencies. This helps the children to learn the rights and the wrongs. As a result this develops the individual creativity in addition to the physical development (Bares 2008). In this case, winning is not the major factor but the child engages in sporting activities for fun, enjoyment and normal participation. In this case, success is contributed through fun and creativity. The participation in various roles under different games helps in stimulation of the child creativity and imagination. The children are in a position of exploring as well as interacting with the environment. This is in addition to testing their motor skills, interaction and solving of problem individually (Holt 2008). In the middle childhood, sporting becomes a regular activity for children. Sporting helps in development of confidence in various areas including â€Å"social, emotional, mental and physical aspects. † This helps them in mastering and neglecting the negative influences. Sporting at this level also help in cooperation and competition that are constructive. In addition, it works in the independence in solving conflicts and being responsible (Murphy 2005). During the early adolescent stage, the children experience various body developments and this could be coupled with emotional stress and instability. Sporting helps the teenagers to control their emotions and making of responsible choices. During sporting activities, the exchange of information helps in development of communication skills which helps them in expression and solving of problems (Barez 2008). Sporting helps in literal interpretation and respect where one learns to adhere to various rules. There is a schedule that must be followed for exercising and this works in building of responsibility where one should also be committed and able to persevere. During various competitions, sporting helps the teenagers to develop self control as well as respecting others where one is able to accept wins with humility as well as losing. Teammates are supportive and this with various other traits goes beyond the field to the individual ways of living (Murphy 2005). In the late adolescent, according to Barez (2008), sporting plays a major role where teenagers are involved in various decisions making including â€Å"personal relationships, higher education, vocational training and career activities. Various hardships like â€Å"unemployment, financial strains, career confusion, unsatisfactory work experiences and lack of family support† among others pose a great threat to individual life. Sporting helps in provision of increased levels of self esteem, perseverance and self discipline. Sporting helps in supporting self competence and independence. However, sporting in itself is also a career and work as source of income. Through sporting one establishes his personal goals as well as career objectives (Barez 2008). Conclusion  Sporting is a major part of personal life which helps in achievement of high life standards and expectations. First, sporting acts as a motivational tool which works in encouragement and development of effective learning methods. It helps one to have specific life goals and objectives by focusing on training goals which calls for self discipline and responsibility. One is able to work without supervision with consistency which calls for commitment for performance. One is able to undergo great perseverance and can approach problems with confidence.

Analysing The Differences Between Soft And Hard Power Politics Essay

Analysing The Differences Between Soft And Hard Power Politics Essay Soft power was a term first coined by Joseph Nye in 1990 to recognise that nations had power resources other than the more readily conceived hard power of economic and military power. In his 2004 book Soft Power Nye attempts to expand upon the term and provide a tighter definition of soft power. His definition It is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments  [1]  is general and needs substantial qualification and explanation to provide utility to statesmen and academics alike. Soft power has therefore generated significant debate as to its existence and utility. It has been argued that soft power is merely an argument for the merits of public diplomacy.  [2]  Nye himself argues that soft power is a resource that is underappreciated.  [3]  Increasingly the term soft power is being used by politicians and academics alike to portray a warmer less aggressive approach to international relations in the contemporary connected world. Eme rging powers such as China and India have been applauded for their use of soft power to attract outcomes they desire.  [4]  The US under Obama has distanced itself from President Bushs unilateral approach and has re-emphasised the utility and power of soft power to influence the world.  [5]   Despite the increased use of the term soft power, questions still remain as to the validity of soft power as an actual usable form of political power. Criticisms of soft power abound and include recognition that soft power is too fickle and generated from factors many of which are outside the direct control of a government. Soft power can have a positive effect on one group but have a polar opposite effect on another group within the same nation. Realist thinking in particular finds it difficult to reconcile so called soft power against a much more tangible hard power such as military might. But images such as a lone protester standing in front of a column of Chinese tanks in Tiananmen Square do have a tangible affect on how the world reacts to situations. The protester certainly had less hard power, yet world opinion was certainly not attracted to the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) on that day. If not hard power, what sort of power is that then? The world today is increasingly connected. Images and opinions on crises and conflict can quickly be dispersed throughout the global community. The privilege of information superiority enjoyed by the leaders of nations in the past is increasingly threatened today. The governed can now get access to events and information much quicker and much more accurately than at any other time in human history. Measures of national power have to therefore take account of how a nation is perceived by the emerging global consciousness enabled by the information age. International relations is an ever changing tapestry of competition, cooperation and conflict but increasingly the interactions between states is becoming much more personal, much more deeper and much more diverse. While interactions between states remain dominant no state, particularly democratic states, can ignore the views of its citizens and their values. Much as violence is seen as distasteful within societies, there is now a great er threshold for justification of violence between states in the mind of the global community. Actions perceived as aggressive and without sufficient justification suffer a backlash of public opinion that undermines the ability of a regime to pursue a policy. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to better define the concept of soft power as a tool of international relations and establish the critical importance of soft power within the contemporary world. The research question as such, is as follows: What is soft power and why is it important in the world today? This will be answered by firmly establishing that the foundation of all political power, international or domestic, is the will of people and that power is becoming more dissipated throughout a globalised world. To aid in the understanding of soft power a number of questions need to be addressed. First and foremost is the question of where power comes from. To understand from where political power is derived we need to investigate power from its base form in human society. By understanding the basis of political power we can begin to understand why or how the nature of power may begin to manifest itself in different ways. Soft power is different from hard power. How and why this is the case is necessary to better understand what soft power actually is. Yet power is power and therefore at some, if not all, levels hard and soft power must interact and effect each other. The question of the relationship between hard and soft power must be addressed to gain greater insight into what soft power is and how to employ it. Hard power is the more easily recognisable and traditional manifestation of national power such as armed might and economic capability. Next is the question of how do we measure soft power. National power has always been perceived within a context of raw power potential shaped and melded into international effect by a nations leaders to achieve their international objectives. Does a nation therefore have a raw soft power potential and if so how can it best be cultivated and employed? Hard power can often be perceived as finite and expendable. Once you expend a resource you no longer have it. Is this true of soft power also? Or can soft power be re-used over and over? Finally an understanding of the trends and phenomenon of the world today is fundamental to determining the importance of soft power today and into the future. The importance and relevance of soft power is growing as more of humanity becomes connected. As people become more connected so the complexity of human interaction increases. This dramatically enhanced presence everywhere on the globe has the potential to generate a surge of global opinion. Increased connectivity however does not only provide presence everywhere for opinions to form on significant world events. People can now connect with a more diverse and more numerous audience throughout the world. The international relations implications are profound. As the complexity of human interaction increases so too does the complexity of international relations and politics. LITERATURE REVIEW This paper is on soft power. However to properly ground this concept in International relations this paper will cover a number of interrelated topics. Therefore, a variety of writings, including some on International relations, International relations theory and globalisation will be used to define what soft power is. Contemporary articles and media will update current discussions on soft power and aid in determining its relevance and utility. Joseph Nyes 2004 book Soft Power is dedicated to the subject of soft power and attempts to establish firmly through contemporary examples and discussion what soft power is and how it is generated and used. Nye defines soft power as It is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments.  [6]  Nye has attempted to expand upon the concept after first coining the term in 1990. In many regards he has not adequately achieved this and has in many regards muddied the waters and propogated confusion about what soft power is. Nye has not anchored this concept in any theoretical framework. Hans Morganthau book Politics Among Nations, first published in 1948 and then updated with eleven further editions up to 2005 will provide a basis for analysis of what national power is. Morganthaus chapters on political power, the struggle for power and the essence of power all provide insights into the enduring nature of power and a framework for determining what the basis of power is and therefore how relevant soft power is as a concept. Kenneth Waltzs book Realism and International Politics was published in 2008 and is a compilation of Waltzs earlier works. Waltzs works span six decades from 1959 until 2002 and will be used to provide a more contemporary understanding of international relations and a barometer to show how international relations, and more specifically political power, are evolving as the world changes. The theme of globalisation and issues associated with it is fundamental to the rising awareness and importance of soft power. Thomas Friedmans The Lexus and the Olive Tree published in 2000 provides an excellent discussion of globalisation and its effects on the world. Friedmans early chapters provide a good description of what globalization is and how it has arisen. Friedman also touches upon the impact of globalisation on how power is employed in the emerging world. Friedman has expanded on his previous work on globalisation with his 2006 book The World is Flat. Now in its third expanded and updated edition within three years, the publishing history of this book is testament to the increasing speed of globalisation within the world today. In this book Friedman highlights three phases of gloablisation that he terms Globilisation 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. The idea that in Globalisation 1.0 nations gloablised, Globalisation 2.0 organisations globalised and in Globalisation 3.0 that we are seeing every individual globalised is central to understanding the importance of soft power in the contemporary world. If Friedman is to be even half believed, soft power is only going to become even more critical in coming years. The relationship between globalization and international politics is further enhanced with The Globalization of World Politics, An Introduction to International Relations by John Baylis and Steve Smith, first published in 2001 and updated in 2005. While providing a comprehensive and detailed understanding of contemporary international relations overall it is striking to note that this work offers only the barest mention of the concept of soft power. Likewise Charles Kegleys 12th edition of World Politics: Trend and Transformation, published in 2009 is a comprehensive text that charts the evolution of international relations from a theoretical perspective but mentions soft power only as an aside. Malcom Gladwells now famous The Tipping Point, first published in 2000 and now in its fifteenth reprint, provides a discussion on how the little things can make a big difference in a globalised connected world. Gladwells work does not specifically deal with international politics or power but his central concept provides food for thought on why soft power is now so critical. RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH The 2003 US invasion of Iraq has highlighted both the unstoppable military might of the worlds only superpower and the limitations of operating solely in a hard power domain of international relations. While it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the merits or not of the decision to invade Iraq, it is clear that the US found that it suffered a significant backlash from the way in which it did approach this issue on the global stage. Understanding soft power is more critical with every passing day as the world continues to connect. The concept of soft power is fuzzy and ambiguous. Skeptics will always be found for any subject. Proponents of the concept have varying interpretations of what it actually is. Many use the term from a simplistic point of view that helps undermine the importance of soft power. Nye has done well in articulating the concept but confusion and misunderstanding persists. This paper endeavors to contribute in even the smallest measure to a better understa nding of soft power and why it is critical in the world today and into the future. METHODOLOGY AND LIMITATIONS This research paper will focus on a theory review from the library resources available at the Maktab Turus Angkatan Tentura (MTAT), Malaysian Armed Forces Ministry of Defence, the University of Malaya, Malaysian and New Zealand Bookshops. In addition to this various journals and articles sourced from on-line databases will also be used. The intention of this paper is to bring together theoretical international power and globalisation concepts with Nyes concept of soft power, in order to provide a better understanding of soft power, its relationship to other elements of national power and its growing importance. Due to time constraints and resource limitations, research for this paper is based on a limited number of secondary sources. Some books obtained are not the most recent editions however internet resources have been used where possible to ensure ideas gained from older editions have not been superseded. CHAPTERISATION This paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one provides an introduction to the study to be undertaken including background information and a review of the literature available in compiling this research. Chapter one also outlines the methodology undertaken in order to obtain the required information. Chapter two focuses on the theoretical concept of power. The chapter discusses power from its fundamental principles recognising that in todays world that . Chapter three introduces the concept of soft power as defined by Joeseph Nye and the transnational crime threats and regional security mechanisms within the South Pacific, describes the current security environment and a summary of transnational crime and security issues. The chapter will then discuss the factors contributing towards transnational crime in the South Pacific within the framework of political, military, societal, economic and environmental security concerns. Chapter three then discusses the regional security mechanisms by outlining the Pacific Islands Forum, The Pacific Plan, the Forum Regional Security Committee, and then concludes. Chapter four introduces the responses to threats in the South Pacific and discusses the approach being taken by regional and global governments, non government organisations and law enforcement agencies to combat transnational crime within the South Pacific region. Chapter five concludes the paper by drawing together the concepts of transnational crime and security, the transnational crime and security threats in the South Pacific and the responses to them, and concludes that in order to overcome the threats of transnational crime to a states national security, non government organisations and law enforcement agencies must understand the complexity of transnational crime, the contributing factors, the challenges associated with combating it and focus their efforts in a joint approach to address the threats to the benefit of the state, its population and the global community.

National Waste Law

National Waste Law â€Å"It is unfortunate that the difficulties of interpreting the pronouncements from the EC are compounded by the failure of the national authorities to agree a common approach to the definition of waste.† Critically assess whether case law shows a â€Å"common approach† to the definition of waste. Introduction In OSS Group Ltd v Environment Agency, an appeal case concerning the question of when lubricating oil ceased to be waste, it was apparent that the Environment Agency (the Agency) and the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) held different views about the definition of waste and, specifically, when a waste ceased to be a waste. The Agencys view was that if the intended use of the material was combustion, the material remained a waste until the material had been burned, irrespective of whether the waste material was similar to a raw material. DEFRAs view was that while the combustion of waste lubricating oil was a recovery operation and therefore the waste oil would remain waste until combustion was completed, material burned as fuel that was recovered from waste lubricating oil was not being discarded, and therefore was not a waste, where the material had the same characteristics as a virgin material. The judge in the original case, Burton J, concluded that t he Agencys view was correct, and that even where a waste ceased to be waste after processing, it would revert to being a waste when burned. While the differences between the Agency and DEFRAs views may not have seemed particularly significant, in practice they resulted in a situation where a recovered substance could be both a non-waste and a waste depending upon the proposed end-use of the product. This was the situation faced by Solvent Resource Management (SRM), who produced, for onward sale, product grade distillates (PGD) from recovered solvents. As a saleable product, PGD was a non-waste; however, when the material was used as a fuel in SRMs plant, it reverted to being a waste even though there was no intention by, or requirement for, SRM to discard the material. Carnwath LJ provided some clarity in the appeal by OSS, where he concluded that the Agencys view was too narrow, and OSSs products could be burnt other than as fuel. Carnwath LJ considered that a â€Å"practical common sense† approach was required that was consistent with the aims of the WFD. He went on to conclude that: â€Å"†¦in the light of this judgment, it may be possible for [the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs] and the [Environment Agency] to join forces in providing practical guidance for those affected. It is unfortunate that the difficulties of interpreting the pronouncements from Luxembourg are compounded by the failure of the national authorities to agree a common approach.† Evidently, Carnwath LJ considered that a common approach to the definition of waste was not being taken. Through a consideration of the European and national case law relating to the definition of waste, it is intended that this paper will demonstrate that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) takes a consistent approach to the definition of waste, that being that any material or substance can be waste within the meaning of the Waste Framework Directive (WFD), while Member States and national authorities (including national Courts) do not take a consistent approach to the definition of waste. Article 1(a) of the WFD defines ‘waste as: â€Å"†¦any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard†. The categories set out in Annex I cover items that would typically be considered waste and would therefore require discarding, such as out of date or off-specification products, materials spilled or contaminated, unusable parts, and various production residues. However, the WFD ensures that the definition is wide by specifying an additional category, which refers to: â€Å"any materials, substances or products which are not contained in the above categories†. Additional information on the materials and substances that are waste is provided in the European Waste List. However, the introductory notes to the list state that â€Å"the inclusion of a material in the list does not mean that the material is a waste in all circumstances. Materials are considered to be a waste only where the definition of waste in Article 1(a)†¦is met.† Determining whether a substance or object is indeed a waste will therefore depend wholly on the waste holders intention or requirement to ‘discard the material. Varying approaches have been taken to determining whether something has been discarded, or whether the holder intends or is required to discard it. The Advocate General in his opinion in Tombesi considered that if a material was consigned to a recovery operation, it was an indication that it had been discarded and it was therefore a waste. He stated that: â€Å"Under the Directive the sole question is whether the substance in issue is subject to a disposal or recovery operation within the meaning of Annex IIA or B† The need to identify whether something had been discarded had effectively been bypassed by considering that all materials consigned to a recovery or disposal operation were waste. If it was identified that a material had been subject to an Annex IIA or B operation, it could be concluded that the material was discarded and was therefore waste. This approach was not supported in the judgment from the ECJ, however. The Advocate Generals approach in Tombesi was followed in other subsequent cases, for example Inter-Environnment Wallonie v Regione Wallone, where it was concluded that substances that were subject to a recovery process would normally be waste, and in Mayer Parry Recycling Ltd v Environment Agency, where the UK court held, on the basis of Tombesi, that scrap metal that was to be reused without being subject to a recovery process was not a waste. The so-called ‘Tombesi-bypass presented problems, however, since a number of the specified recovery processes could also be normal industrial processes using ordinary raw materials that would not be classified as wastes (e.g. coal (fuel) combusted in a power station to generate electricity would not be classified as a recovery process). In ARCO Chemie Netherland Ltd vMinister von Volkshuivesting, the Advocate Generals opinion in Tombesi was not followed. It was considered that a substance consigned to a recovery operation listed in Annex IIB of the WFD was not necessarily to be considered as a waste, and it was first considered necessary to establish whether the material in question constituted waste (i.e. whether or not it had been discarded). The approach taken in ARCO and subsequent cases was different to that of the previous cases, and the need to establish a holders intention or requirement to discard a material became the determining factor when identifying whether a mate rial or substance was waste. The underlying concept of the ECJs approach to the definition of waste was stated in ARCO as follows: â€Å"Whether [a material or substance] is waste must be determined in the light of all the circumstances, by comparison with the definition set out in article 1(a) of the Directive, that is to say the discarding of the substance in question or the intention or requirement to discard it, regard being had to the aim of the Directive and the need to ensure that its effectiveness is not undermined.† Essentially, the definition of waste therefore turned on the term ‘discard. In his judgment in OSS, Carnwath LJ defined ‘discard, as he had done previously in Mayer Parry Recycling Ltd v Environment Agency, as follows: â€Å"The term ‘discard is used in a broad sense equivalent to ‘get rid of; but it is coloured by the examples of waste given in Annex I and the waste catalogue, which indicate that it is concerned generally with materials which have ceased to be required for their original purpose, normally because they are unsuitable, unwanted or surplus to requirements †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He noted, however, that it was clear that this was â€Å"only part of the story†, and referred to a number of cases subsequent to ARCO where the ECJ had attempted to provide objective criteria that could be used as evidence that a holder of a substance or material intended to discard that material and, therefore, the material should be considered as waste. Some of these criteria were summarised by Lord Reed in the conclusion to his judgment in Scottish Power Generation Ltd v Scottish Environmental Protection Agency: â€Å"[F]or example, whether the material is produced intentionally; whether further processing is required before the material can be used; and whether the material is certain to be used[;]†¦whether the material is commonly regarded as waste; and whether, if it is used as fuel, its use as fuel is a common method of recovering waste. Since the status of a material has to be assessed on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the circumstances of the particular case, it follows that none of the factors mentioned is conclusive in itself. The fact†¦that a material is produced intentionally, requires no further processing before it can be used, and is certain to be used, cannot be taken in isolation as determinative of its status.† He went on to consider the criteria that could be used to assess when a substance ceased to be waste: â€Å"The danger which is typical of waste is a danger of harm to human health or the environment caused by the manner of its disposal. The [WFD] seeks to address that danger by making waste subject to supervision designed to ensure that it is recovered or disposed of in a manner which is controlled so as to protect human health and the environment. Once a material has been classified as waste, it therefore remains subject to that supervision at least until that objective has been achieved. It is only then that the material may cease to be waste†¦When it is claimed that what was waste has ceased to be waste†¦it is accordingly necessary to assess whether that claim is well founded. That assessment requires consideration not only of whether the material in question can and will be used without further processing in the same way as a non-waste material, but also of whether the material can be used under the same conditions of environmental protection as the non-waste material with which it is otherwise comparable, without any greater danger of harm to human health or the environment. Other factors†¦may also be relevant in considering whether waste has been subjected to a recovery operation or merely to pre-treatment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The general approach taken by the ECJ to the definition of waste, that is that any material or substance may be waste where it has been or is required or intended to be discarded, is therefore considered to be consistent throughout the case law reviewed. However, as demonstrated in the remainder of this paper, the insistence of the ECJ that whether or not a material is waste, or ceases to be waste, must be determined on the basis of whether or not its holder intended or was required to discard it, even where this has no practical relevance, results in varying approaches being taken by Member States and national authorities to the definition of waste. In 2007, the Commission of the European Communities published a document intended to be used by Member States in interpreting the judgments from the ECJ. In Annex 1 to the document, a number of examples of wastes and non-wastes are given; however, the examples are introduced as follows: â€Å"†¦There are many other examples that could have been used, and even the examples here may vary across the EU in some circumstances, notably if there is no certainty of use for a given by-product, or on the contrary, if use is certain for a material in a region or Member State, where this is not the case across the whole EU.† Clearly, the position of the Commission in considering that a material might be waste in one Member State but not in another would appear to be wholly inconsistent with the aims of the WFD, and therefore inconsistent with the approach taken by the ECJ to the definition of waste. The seventh recital of the WDF is particularly noted in this regard: â€Å"Moreover, discrepancies between Member States legislation with regard to waste disposal and recovery may affect the quality of the environment and the smooth operation of the internal market†¦Ã¢â‚¬  While the ECJ may be consistent in its approach, the Commission of the European Communities does not appear to be adopting an approach consistent with the aims of the WFD. Varying approaches to the definition of waste can also be seen to be taken by the Member States. In the case law this is apparent in relation to Member States failure to fully implement aspects of the WFD, and in submissions made by Member States on these and other European and national cases. In relation to Member States implementation of the WFD, the following examples highlight well the varying approaches adopted. Germany historically excluded certain categories of recyclable waste from the scope of its domestic waste legislation, while the United Kingdom excluded agricultural waste from its definition of waste. Similarly, and more recently, Italy was found to have failed to fulfill its obligations under the WFD by excluding from its national legislation materials such as excavated earth and rock, food scraps and leftovers, and substances intended for recovery. Italian legislation historically also excluded substances or objects that were considered to be capable of economic reuse. It distinguished between ‘waste and ‘residues, and provided for simplified procedures for the collection, transport, treatment and reuse of residues. Moreover, certain materials with specific commodity characteristics were excluded from the relevant legislation altogether. In Tombesi, ARCO, Castle Cement, Palin Granit Oy, Mayer Parry, Saetti, and Thames Water v Bromley Magistrates Courtsubmissions to the Court were made by various Member States governments. Their submissions highlight the differing approaches adopted by the Member States, and as an example, a brief discussion of the submissions made in Tombesi is provided. The Danish government considered that the concept of waste included all residual products, defining residual products as those that are not the primary goal sought by the production process, do not have a constant economic value, and their use depends on the markets available for them. The French government agreed that waste included residues, and considered that waste continued to be waste until it was recovered. The Italian government argued that the definition of waste in the WFD placed too much importance on the subjective element of the intentions of the waste holder, and that it was legitimate to employ the possibility of use a s a basic criterion and exclude from the notion of wastes substances that have recognized properties and are normally traded on markets. The Netherlands and UK governments took an intermediate view, with the Netherlands highlighting that secondary raw materials would not be waste, while the UK government argued that something was a waste when it left the normal commercial cycle or chain of utility and was consigned to a recovery operation. The Member States approach to the definition of waste clearly varies significantly. As a final example of the approach taken to the definition of waste, it is useful to return to the OSS case and contrast this with other similar cases that have been concerned with a material derived from waste that was subsequently used as fuel. Such cases include ARCO, Castle Cement v Environment Agency, Scottish Power Generation Ltd v Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Saetti v Frediani,and Lcopower BV v Secretary of State. On the facts of each case, materials in the first three cases were considered likely to be wastes despite the ‘recovery processes that the materials had been subjected to, while the materials in the remaining two were not considered to be wastes. The OSS case followed the general approach taken in ARCO, where it was statedthat â€Å"[t]he operations to which a substance is subsequently submitted are not of crucial importance to its classification as waste†. However, in Castle Cement, which concerned a material recovered from waste solvents and liquids derived from waste sources by Solvent Resource Management, the fact that the material was burned as fuel was an important consideration in determining that the material remained waste. This was in spite of the fact that it had been produced to a specification specifically for use as fuel. This can be contrasted against Saetti, where petroleum coke, which was produced to a specification although was considered to be waste by its producer, was held not to be waste. In Scottish Power, the waste-derived fuel was again made to a specification; however, here it was considered that since the material could not be used as fuel in the same conditions of environmental protection as the raw material it was replacing, it must be considered waste. In relation to the materials characteristics, however, in Castle Cement, Stanley Burnton J considered that: â€Å"Whether material is ‘waste cannot depend on whether any particular holder of it stores and uses it in an environmentally and otherwise safe manner. Its categorisation should depend on its qualities, not on the qualities of its storage or use.† This view can itself be contrasted with the ECJs approach to the definition of waste, which depends not on the quality of the material but on the intention or requirement of the holder to discard that material. In conclusion, while it appears from the case law that the ECJ has, on balance, taken a consistent approach to the definition of waste, its insistence on relying on the holders intention or requirement to discard the material has resulted in Member States and national authorities (including the national Courts) taking, unsurprisingly, an inconsistent approach to the definition of waste. The self-proclaimed ‘clarification document published by the Commission of the European Communities collates and prioritises the judgments from the ECJ, but it is questionable whether the approach taken is consistent with the overall aim of the WFD. Stanley Burnton J confessed to finding parts of the ECJs judgments ‘Delphic and, while apparently consistent throughout the relevant cases, I would tend to agree. The third recital of the WFD states the following: â€Å"Common terminology and a definition of waste are needed in order to improve the efficiency of waste management in the Community.† Perhaps it should read â€Å"†¦and a workable, comprehendible definition of waste†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ? References ARCO Chemie Netherland Ltd vMinister von Volkshuivesting and EOPN [2003] Env LR 40 (Case C-418/97) 15 June 2000 Bell, S. and McGillivray, D., Environmental Law (Oxford: OUP, Sixth Edition, 2006 Castle Cement v Environment Agency [2001] EWHC Admin 224 Commission Decision 2000/532 of 3 May 2000 ( [2000] O.J. L226/3 ) replacing Decision 94/3 ( [1994] O.J. L5/15 ) establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442 ( [1975] O.J. L194/39 ) on waste and Council Decision 94/904 ( [1994] O.J. L356/14 ) establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689 ( [1991] O.J. L377/20 ) on hazardous waste, as amended by Council Decision 2001/573 ( [2001] O.J. L203/18 ) of 23 July 232001 amending Decision 2000/532 as regards the list of wastes Commission of the European Communities v Italy (Cases C-194/05, C-195/05, and C-263/05) 18 December 2007 reported in EU Focus 2008, 225, 15-17 Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom [2004] All ER (D) 279 (Case C-62/03) 16 December 2004 Commission of the European Communities, 2007. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Interpretative Communication on waste and by-products. Brussels, 21 February 2007, COM(2007) 59 final Commission of the Eurpoean Communities v Germany [1996] 1 CMLR 383 (Case C-422/92) 10 May 1995 Council Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste Criminal Proceedings against Niselli (Case C-457/02) Criminal Proceedings against E. Zanetti and Others [1990] I ECR 1509 (Case C-359/88) 28 March 1990 Euro Tombesi and Others [1997] 3 CMLR 673 (Joined Cases C-304/94, C-330/94, C-342/94, C-224/95) 25 June 1997 Icopower BV v Secretary of State (Unreported May 14, 2003) cited in OSS Group Ltd v Environment Agency [2008] Env LR 8 Inter-Environnement Wallonie v Regione Wallonne [1998] All ER 155 (Case C-129/96) 18 December 1997 Mayer Parry Recycling Ltd v Environment Agency [1999] 1 CMLR 963 OSS Group Ltd v Environment Agency [2007] Env LR 19 OSS Group Ltd v Environment Agency [2008] Env LR 8 Palin Granit Oy v Lounais-Suomen Ymparistokeskus [2003] All ER (EC) 366 (Case C-9/00) 18 April 2002 Saetti v Frediani [2004] Env LR 37 (Case C-235/02) 15 January 2004 Scottish Power Generation Ltd v Scottish Environment Protection Agency (No.1) [2005] SLT 98 OH Thames Water Utilities v Bromely Magistrates Court [2008] Env LR 3 (Case C-252/05) 10 May 2007

This Changes Everything, Again: The Remediation of Print on the Web Ess

Introduction The introduction of the printing press changed society permanently. Along with this invention came the emergence of mass production of texts. Suddenly, information could be efficiently replicated, thus facilitating the dissemination process. Widespread alphabetic literacy, as Havelock states, could finally become a reality. Print media, however, are fundamentally restricted by their physical nature. Enter the Internet, arguably modern society’s greatest technological advancement, with its ability to digitally recontextualize the written word. Again, forever changing the nature of communication. This paper will focus on the web’s functional, social, and cultural remediations of print media. It can be argued that the Internet is a modernized version of the printing press. The web created an explosion in production, self-published content, and new forms of machine art. Through contrasting physical and digital print media, it will be shown that the Internet enhances aspects of the printing press in defining itself. Functional Factors At its beginnings, the internet crafted a new but familiar form of manufacturing: the mass production of digital texts. In fact, in 1440 Gutenberg first originated the idea of mass production of texts with his invention of the Printing Press. For the first time, an automated process was able to replicate script. This new technology was not without its shortcomings. First, the printing press used limited materials. Next, as Mumford notes, the advent of print led calligraphers and manuscript copyists out of work. Furthermore, as Graff finds, it created â€Å"typographical fixity†Ã¢â‚¬â€material once printed cannot be changed. Finally, mass production was dependent and limited to large markets (Mumf... ...ames, and Ornstein, Robert. â€Å"Communication and Faith in the Middle Ages.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 56-62. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted.† The New Yorker October 4th 2010. Web. 31 May. 2012. Graff, HarveyJ., â€Å"Early Modern Literacies.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 86-96. Print. Havelock, Eric A., â€Å"The Greek Legacy.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 38-43. Print. Mumford, Lewis. â€Å"The Invention of Printing.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 74-77. Print. This Changes Everything, Again: The Remediation of Print on the Web Ess Introduction The introduction of the printing press changed society permanently. Along with this invention came the emergence of mass production of texts. Suddenly, information could be efficiently replicated, thus facilitating the dissemination process. Widespread alphabetic literacy, as Havelock states, could finally become a reality. Print media, however, are fundamentally restricted by their physical nature. Enter the Internet, arguably modern society’s greatest technological advancement, with its ability to digitally recontextualize the written word. Again, forever changing the nature of communication. This paper will focus on the web’s functional, social, and cultural remediations of print media. It can be argued that the Internet is a modernized version of the printing press. The web created an explosion in production, self-published content, and new forms of machine art. Through contrasting physical and digital print media, it will be shown that the Internet enhances aspects of the printing press in defining itself. Functional Factors At its beginnings, the internet crafted a new but familiar form of manufacturing: the mass production of digital texts. In fact, in 1440 Gutenberg first originated the idea of mass production of texts with his invention of the Printing Press. For the first time, an automated process was able to replicate script. This new technology was not without its shortcomings. First, the printing press used limited materials. Next, as Mumford notes, the advent of print led calligraphers and manuscript copyists out of work. Furthermore, as Graff finds, it created â€Å"typographical fixity†Ã¢â‚¬â€material once printed cannot be changed. Finally, mass production was dependent and limited to large markets (Mumf... ...ames, and Ornstein, Robert. â€Å"Communication and Faith in the Middle Ages.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 56-62. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted.† The New Yorker October 4th 2010. Web. 31 May. 2012. Graff, HarveyJ., â€Å"Early Modern Literacies.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 86-96. Print. Havelock, Eric A., â€Å"The Greek Legacy.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 38-43. Print. Mumford, Lewis. â€Å"The Invention of Printing.† Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Ed. Crowley, D.J., and P. Heyer. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2010. 74-77. Print.

Psychology and Depression Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

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Global sourcing Essay

1) What is global sourcing? Global sourcing is defined as the process of identifying, developing, and utilizing the source of supply for the enterprise through expanding purchasing activities internationally. It is a part of post reengineering activities which is an useful measure of cutting cost. Global sourcing is a typical example of foreign construction outsourcing firms which process construction by distributing each process of construction work to vendors instead of running on its own. Such construction method not only does reduce costs in terms of managing construction sites such as labor cost and equipment cost including vehicles, but also is being adopted by various companies for value-adding construction management (CM) project. For instance, global sourcing was utilized when building Daewoo Business Center at Warszawa, Poland, on March, 1997. The process of erecting the center was alloted to vendors; construction was executed by VOICE(England), design through RTKL(U.S.), facility management was duty of Dongwoo which is a department of Daewoo Group, hotel management by Hilton hotel(U.S.). 2) Global sourcing factors Global sourcing factors that must be understood and balanced can be segmented into 5 categories. First factor is material cost. The bottom line of execution of global sourcing is reduce cost by minimizing material cost. Another category is transportation cost. Various costs including inventory delivery cost can be dwindled through global sourcing. Moreover, significant amount of transportation expense can be reduced when marketing products at outsourcing regions. Cross-border taxes, tariffs, and duty costs are third factor which form global sourcing. Instead of relying on domestic production but rather outsource each process internationally, costs can be reduce by avoiding trade barriers which include cross-border tax, tariff and duty cost. Next factor is supply and operational performance. With effective resource management and cheap labor cost, supply and operational performance can be efficiently managed which enables global sourcing companies to manufacture high quality-low price merchandises. The last category of global sourcing is supply and operational risks. Cultural and geographical disparities can yield additional costs such as labor cost and transportation cost. If not managed thoroughly, they can militate as huge risks in terms of conducting sourcing. 3) Advantages of global sourcing There are three major merits of performing global sourcing; gumption to changes, reduction of cost, and trade barriers avoidance. To begin with, global sourcing allows a firm to develop capacity to cope with changes in market condition. Importing numerous raw materials and resources economically and steadily can be done through global sourcing. With such abundant resources, a firm can flexibly adopt to environmental alterations when confronting unexpected economic crisis. Secondly, average 20% of cost saving is possible. Components of products or raw materials procured from abroad is advantageous in terms of price. Furthermore, many countries such as American and Europe are sourcing materials to cut cost in terms of distribution industries. As a result, China has become the hub of production base for global sourcing. Even in case of Korea, sourcing products from China are 30%~40% cheaper than Korean domestic goods. In particular, simple functional merchandizes whose design and quality are relatively less considered are largely influenced by global sourcing. Consequently, over 70% of commodities and clothes are imported from China. Last merit of global sourcing is evasion of trade barriers. In case of global sourced goods, the price is lower, leading to economical purchase, by avoiding trade barriers such tariffs and cross-border taxes. On top of that, firms are able to acquire restricted raw materials and resource. Thus, unique and competitive products can be created. 2. Case-Study (Li&Fung) 1) Introduction Li&Fung is a professional trading company which specializes in global sourcing and was founded in 1906. It functioned as a broker between Asian manufacturers and foreign traders and expanded as a trading company later on. Today, Li&Fung acts as a professional sourcing and distribution firm focusing on toys and textile. Becoming an intermediary, it reconstructed the business by forming it as a connection and manager of diverse supply chains. Li&Fung is the representative of ‘smokeless factory’ without owning any equipment and factories regarding production process from raw material to final goods and distribution of final products. 2) Business area / Present condition Li&Fung won the rewards in ‘Fabulous 50†² selectied by Forbes Asia, ’50 for 2012’ from Morgan Stanley, and ‘The most influential companies 25’ from Business week. The sales of Li&Fung in 2007 was 92.4 billion in Hong Kong dollars, approximately 36% increase in sales compared to that of 2006. Net income reached 30 billion dollars(2007) and Li&Fung Co. Ltd. succeed in gaining 19.8% increase in sales (110.7 billion Hongkong dollars)than that of previous year. After 1998, foreign companies such as The Limited, Gymboree, American Eagle, Warner Brothers, Abercrombie & Fitch, Bed, Bath& Beyond, Tesco, Avon Products, Levi-Strauss, Reebok have become major customers of Li&Fung, and Royal Ahold, Guess Jeans, Bebe also joined as major customers of Li&Fung in 2000. As a result, Li&Fung currently has 68 offices in the 38 countries, and shareholders numbers 17,900. In addition, it consists of 107,000 employees engaged in the business associated with Li&Fung, especially 40,000 related businesses only in the United States. Thus, it can be said that Li&Fung has entered plateau stage as a company settling new form of SCM rather than just being a simple trading firm. 3) Platform / Operation System Li&Fung is one of the enterprises which effectively employ platform strategy. In terms of strategy, Li&Fung adequately balances SRM and CRM strategy to manage producers and customers. Li&Fung distributes textile component orders to vendors as soon as receiving orders from textile industries. It makes most of 15,000 subcontractors which are located around the globe. When producing a jacket, for example, Li&Fung procures materials from diverse vendors; outshell is from Korea, Zipper from Japan, lining is done from Thailand, and trademarks and thread from Hongkong. Fabric is dyed in Southern Asia, China sews, and finally quality inspection and packaging are done in Hongkong. Then, headquarter in Hongkong generally manages cash flow and value-added process. 4) Success Factors Success factors of Li&Fung can be categorized into three elements. The first factor is IT evolution. Through IT development, product lead time dwindled through forming network among producers and customers, and even efficiently manage vendors. Another facet is SRM and CRM, especially have strength on SRM. Li&Fung analyze customer’s needs and scrutinize supply chain to meet the desires. Since firms tend to focus on maximizing their capability instead of in accordance with needs, Li&Fung can otherwise strive to fortify supply chain or value chain for customers. In other words, the key role of Li&Fung is to direct manufacturers of supply chain to the intended direction. For that specific purpose, it establishes education to producers on scattered network management rather than having strict control system for managing vendors, and emphasizes on trust and active empowerment. Lastly, Li&Fung follows 30/70 rule, which is to set a standard(from 30% to 70% of total production) on production quota to Li&Fung. This enables Li&Fung to have loose liaison among subcontractors. Minimum 30% of total production allows Li&Fung to possess minimum supply from each subcontractors and prevention vendors from being subordinates can be done by setting maximum 70%. The core objective of this principle is to assure vendors of gaining huge profit from being a member of the network and on the other hand guaranteeing flexibility of business and availability of a room for growth. Other vendors also benefit from the principle by being expose to opportunities to work with others, which help them to learn and come up with innovative ideas. Such principle demonstrates value of Li&Fung on making supply chain more dynamic and lively. Thus, change in partners frequently happens in supply chain of Li&Fung. In conclusion, Li&Fung shows contradictory management of pursuing stable and long-term partnership whereas also demanding loose network instead to forming strict organization. 3. Problem & Solution 1) Wage stagnation / Pricing pressure The first problem of Li&Fung is wage stagnation of China. China accounts for 60% of total global sourcing of Li&Fung, which means that shift in China impact Li&Fung heavily. After the economic liberalization of China, China has been able to attract world companies as the most suitable production base due to cheap and abundant labor. As a consequence of substantial growth, China’s wage has been increasing 16% annually. As labor cost takes up the largest portion of garment industry’s costs, Li & Fung’s first half of 2011 net income dwindled 18%. Therefore, there is high necessity for finding a new production base(a new partners) and gain price competitiveness through such measure. Second problem is overseas buyers’ desire to lower supply pricing due to high uncertainty from global recession. As shown in the ‘average import price of textile in the U.S.’ graph on the right, the average import price has been continually decreasing, from $3.18 in 20 06 to $3 in 2009. Heavy pressure on supply pricing is having negative impact on net income of Li&Fung. 2) China & U.S Trade conflict Third adversity is potential trade disputes between the United States and China. This trade conflict, which is referred to as protectionism, is noteworthy of a notice as 69% of total production of Li&Fung is sold to the United States. The United States has criticized China on the currency exchange rate manipulation, along with accusation of exchange dumping. In addition, Section 421 is an article which can be executed in a situation where increased import of Chinese products acts as a severe damage to American domestic industries. Accordingly, it is inevitable to exclude potential trade conflict between two countries on account of high possibility of implementing additional countervailing duty by executing section 421. 3) Expanding partners in Southern Asia In preparation for deterioration of China’s production environment and falling competitiveness of China as a sourcing region, Southern Asia is evaluated as the most practical alternative for strategic sourcing of Li&Fung. In terms of percentage change in world textile industry sourcing, diminution of China is noticeable, as –7%, whereas Vietnam and Bangladesh show growth, respectively displaying 1% and 20% of sourcing uprising rate. To demonstrate suitability of sourcing to Banladesh, environment of Bangladesh such as social infrastructure and facilities, and educational level should be thoroughly examined. Nevertheless, wage of Bangladesh is much cheaper than that of China, Bangladesh being one third that of China, in terms of only considering unit labor cost. Furthermore, Bangladesh is likely to be significantly equipped with garment-industry infrastructure judging from the large number of textile industries sourcing to Bangladesh. Therefore, it is no hasty conclusion that Bangladesh is the most appropriate region for new production base of Li&Fung. 4) Quality management system Controlling over 15,000 vendors is demanding and the possible drawback is failure of consistency in quality. Since quality is prerequisite these days, stricter vendor’s quality management system should be made. One of the tools that Li&Fung can utilize and apply stricter is ‘Vendor compliance index’. There are six indexes Li&Fung should keep attention to; efficient operation, productivity, process innovation, ensuring the quality, purchase the appropriate law material, and good working condition of labor. By balancing and fulfilling following vendor compliance indexes, Li&Fung will be able to afford products to customer with coherent quality. 4. Conclusion The concept having used by Li&Fung is highly familiar to us as global sourcing is also deployed by domestic companies such as Samsung and LG. Global sourcing can be divided into two factors; risk element and opportunity element. These two elements are in trade-off relation which means that change in one element accompanies the other, while endeavoring to maximize opportunity element. Thus, taking advantage of opportunity and risk element in a timely manner is the premise for successful global sourcing and in-depth analysis on local region and strategy should be followed when implementing global sourcing.

Football rules, Laws and Regulations Essay

Introduction In football there are rules and regulations. There are rules which are just basically things that footballers will have to follow as well as rules that the referee will also have to follow. All rules are all made by the FA. Regulations are similar to the rules because it is a rule which controls the game and has instructions on how the football match works. Example of regulations would be that the game is 90 minutes, with 45 minutes each half and then 15 minutes break in between half time. It is then up to the assistant referee and the referee himself to decide on how many minutes they should offer hence some timewasting during time play. There are many reasons to why there are rules and regulations put in place by the FA and the most important ones are that it provides a safe environment for both football teams and also the supporters at a football match or stadium. Roles such as having general assistance for the crowd at a football stadium is one of the important parts of keeping the environment safe and this is controlled by people who work in the stadium and are called stewards. What stewards do is, they control the crowd as well as keep the angry supporters /fan away from the entering the pitch as they can do some damage to the players as well as waste time from both teams. What these rules and regulations do in a football match is that it prevents supporters, fans, people at home who are watching the game not enjoy watching football anymore as it can reduce the number of fans coming to the stadium and watching the match. In football there are different sizes of the football pitches because every team has their own type of tactic of playing their football games. This does not mean the size of the pitch can be whatever size they want it because there are rules to a minimum size and a maximum size of the pitch being in length and width. The minimum size a football pitch at length can be from 90metres to 120 metres maximum and the width of the football pitch has to be a minimum of 45metres to 90 metres maximum. Teams who play more of a long ball passing will usually have a narrow sized pitch because they don’t use side of the pitch and therefore it’s not required. However teams such as Barcelona who like to play a lot of possession football also use a narrow sized pitch because they are not afraid to keep the ball in between the side lines and it also improves their passing rate. When it comes to football size in football, the size of the ball is always size 5 because a bigger or smaller ball can lead to health and safety issues. There isn’t just any ball in a football match which is played with. FIFA always approves of the balls that get used in elite football games by having a logo by FIFA approved on it, FIFA inspected logo, or a IMS logo which is the International match ball standard. The ball is made out of leather or material which is suitable because of it isn’t, it can lead to injuries on the foot or a player’s body of it kicked on him. The ball in the beginning of a football match has to also be a specific weight and that is no more than 450 grams and no less than 410 grams. The ball size has a circumference of no more than 70cms which is 28 inches and not less than 69cm which is 27 inches. The shape of a football is spherical. In a professional football match, there are 11 players including a goalkeeper on a pitch. A football coach will also have substitutes in case of a player with an injury. In an official football FIFA competition, a football coach has only 3 chances of using his substitutes whereas in other matches he would be given a maximum of 7 subs. If a coach will use his subs in a football game, the referee must have all names of the subs in order for them to gain a position in playing at the football game. If a football player who is sub and his name is not given to the referee then he will not take part in the match. In order for a coach to swap a player with a sub, he must inform the assistant referee and then the assistant referee must inform the referee himself so that when ball is out of play, the team can make the change of player. In a friendly football match a team can have as many subs on depending the agreement by the two teams. A match is played for 90 minutes with 45 minutes each half and 15 minutes break at half time. The referee will make the decision of how many extra minutes the teams both get depending on how many minutes has been wasted during the game. Football teams are given the break at the first half in order for the team coach and the team itself to discuss what they need to change, new tactics they should apply in the next half and also so they can rest and have enough energy for the second half. At a league where a team has to win, and both of teams are drawing, the extra time is given after the 90 minutes with two sets of 15 minutes. If teams are still drawing then it is penalty kicks for both teams, and that will be given as much time until someone wins. Before a team can kick off, someone has to make the decision of who kicks off and that’s the referee’s decision. The way a referee would make the decision bringing both of the captains of the two teams and by tossing a coin and the captain that wins the toss will kick off. When a football team scores a goal, the other will get the advantage by placing the ball back to the centre and kick off. For the game to start with the ball in the middle, your team must be in their own half and the other team should also be in their half, the match should not continue from centre mark until given signal by the referee. The game can be restarted by the referee after a temp0orary stoppage that is necessary. The way this happens is by having the referee dropping the ball at the place where it was located when the play was stopped and have two players from both teams. In football, the ball can stay in play or leave the football ground which is out of play. As you can see in the example on the right hand side, if the ball is on the line, it is in play however to be out of play the whole ball needs cross the white line. Even if most of the ball is outside the white line, if a bit of the ball is still touching the white marker line then it’s still in play. If a football was rebound from the corner flag post or a goal post, the ball is considered inside therefor allowing the teams to play on. Another way is restart of play and that is when the referee decided to stop play. It is also in play when it rebound of a referee or a lines man who is on the field. There are offside in a football game which is a little confusing to understand. The diagram on the right hand side is showing an offside. The number 11 in the red team passing to his team player who is number 10 is an offside because number 10 in red is closer and in front of blue team’s goal and the defensive players. This leaves only the goalkeeper back which isn’t enough players to play him onside. This position could be forced by the defenders moving forward and it’s called the offside trap. Diagram 1 However in diagram 2 you can see that number 3 from the blue team is very far from reaching number 9 but since he is in line with number 9 in the red team, he has led it to be onside and therefor the game can continue playing with number 9 in red creating a chance. The offside rule is put in place because it stops players from goal hanging, where a player stands next to the opposing team’s goal keeper in the hope that someone can get the ball to him where he can receive a long ball, so he can get it past the goal keeper. This has also been put in place by the governing body because it makes the games more boring. Diagram 2 There are fouls and misconduct happen during and sometimes after the match in football. When a player kicks or attempts to kick another opponent is one of the offences, however there are other ways of make an offence and that’s by tripping an opponent which can be used by using your hands to throw them down, using the legs which is a common one, however, it is also an offence to just stand in front of them or behind them. There are more offences and they are jumping at an opponent, charging them in a violent or in dangerous way, charging them from behind using boot feet, attempting or striking to strike at the opponent, holding and pushing an opponent and finally it is also an offence to handle the ball for example carrying it, striking it or using their hand or arm which is then followed up by giving the other team an indirect free kick. When a player has the ball and he makes a back pass to his goalkeeper directly, and the goalkeeper holds the ball with his hands or has any contact with his hand then the other team will be rewarded with an indirect free kick. This rule was put it in place recently in 1992 which was done because it stopped the goalkeeper from wasting time and holding the ball from opportunities to the other team and by also taking possession of the ball with the hands. This also stopped the goalkeeper from having more than 6 seconds limit of goalkeeper possession. Another reason for this rule to be put in place was because it made the games more interesting and less boring. In order for a team to score a goal, the whole ball passes over the goal line, in between the goalposts and under the crossbar. As you can see in the picture to the right, it shows that the whole ball has to pass otherwise even if it’s touching the line a little bit; it’s considered as play on with no goal. There have been some recent changes in football because a lot of times the referee is blamed for not making the right decision about the ball going in or not so therefore FA has introduced a new referee which is called an assistant referee and his job is to stand on the goal line to make sure and have a better view of the ball going in or not. They have done this because it ruins the fair play between the teams especially when the games are very important. In order for a team to win a match, the team has to have more goals than the other team and if it ends up being equal, then the game ends as a draw which means neither of the teams won. In some games there might be extra time provided because one team has to win so therefore they play with extra time. A goal can be scored from anywhere on the play, from anyone who is playing and that included the goalkeeper too. Goals are also scored from penalties and free kicks. However a goal cannot be scored directly from a throw in so therefore it has to be touched by someone else after the throw in order to score a goal. A goal cannot be counted if the referee has not blown his whistle for the game to restart. Another way a goal cannot be scored is if you are taking an indirect free kick because it’s indirect so therefore the ball has to be passed to someone in your team and then you can score.